Zoe’s Tale PART I Chapter Eight

â€Å"You seem sad,† Hickory said, as we took the shuttle back to Phoenix Station. Dickory sat next to Hickory, impassive as ever. â€Å"I am sad,† I said. â€Å"I miss my mother and father.† I glanced over to John, who was sitting in the front of the shuttle with the pilot, Lieutenant Cloud. â€Å"And I think all this moving and leaving and going is getting to me a little bit. Sorry.† â€Å"No need to apologize,† Hickory said. â€Å"This journey has been stressful for us, too.† â€Å"Oh, good,† I said, turning back to the two of them. â€Å"Misery loves company.† â€Å"If you would like we would be happy to try to cheer you up,† Hickory said. â€Å"Really,† I said. This was a new tactic. â€Å"How would you do that?† â€Å"We could tell you a story,† Hickory said. â€Å"What story?† I asked. â€Å"One that Dickory and I have been working on,† Hickory said. â€Å"You've been writing?† I said. I didn't bother to keep the incredulousness out of my voice. â€Å"Is it that surprising?† Hickory said. â€Å"Absolutely,† I said. â€Å"I didn't know you had it in you.† â€Å"The Obin don't have stories of their own,† Hickory said. â€Å"We learned about them through you, when you had us read to you.† I was puzzled for a minute, and then I remembered: When I was younger I asked Hickory and Dickory to read bedtime stories to me. It was a failed experiment, to say the least; even with their consciousness machines on, neither of them could tell a story to save their lives. The beats were all wrong – they didn't know how to read the emotions in the story is the best way I can put it. They could read the words, all right. They just couldn't tell the story. â€Å"So you've been reading stories since then,† I said. â€Å"Sometimes,† Hickory said. â€Å"Fairy tales and myths. We are most interested in myths, because they are stories of gods and creation. Dickory and I have decided to make a creation myth for the Obin, so we have a story of our own.† â€Å"And this is the story you want to tell me,† I said. â€Å"If you think it would cheer you up,† Hickory said. â€Å"Well, is it a happy creation myth?† I asked. â€Å"It is for us,† Hickory said. â€Å"You should know you play a part in it.† â€Å"Well, then,† I said. â€Å"I definitely want to hear it now.† Hickory conferred with Dickory quickly, in their own language. â€Å"We will tell you the short version,† Hickory said. â€Å"There's a long version?† I said. â€Å"I'm really intrigued.† â€Å"The remainder of the shuttle ride will not be long enough for the long version,† Hickory said. â€Å"Unless we then went back down to Phoenix. And then back up. And then back down again.† â€Å"The short version it is,† I said. â€Å"Very well,† Hickory said, and began. â€Å"Once upon a time – â€Å" â€Å"Really?† I said. â€Å"‘Once upon a time'?† â€Å"What is wrong with ‘once upon a time'?† Hickory asked. â€Å"Many of your stories and myths start that way. We thought it would be appropriate.† â€Å"There's nothing wrong with it,† I said. â€Å"It's just a little old-fashioned.† â€Å"We will change it if you like,† Hickory said. â€Å"No,† I said. â€Å"I'm sorry, Hickory, I interrupted you. Please start again.† â€Å"Very well,† Hickory said. â€Å"Once upon a time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Once upon a time there were creatures who lived on a moon of a large gas planet. And these creatures did not have a name, nor did they know they lived on a moon, nor did they know that moon circled a gas planet, nor what a planet was, nor did they know anything in a way that could be said that they were knowing it. They were animals, and they had no consciousness, and they were born and lived and died, all their lives without thought or the knowledge of thought. One day, although the animals knew nothing of the idea of days, visitors came to the moon that circled the gas planet. And these visitors were known as Consu, although the animals on the planet did not know that, because it was what the Consu called themselves, and the animals were not smart and could not ask the Consu what they called themselves, or know that things could have names. The Consu came to the moon to explore and they did, noting all the things about the moon, from the air in its sky to the shape of its lands and waters to the shape and manner of all the life that lived in the moon's land, air and water. And when they came to these certain creatures who lived on this moon, the Consu became curious about them and how they lived their lives, and studied them and how they were born and lived and died. After the Consu had watched the creatures for some time the Consu decided that they would change the creatures, and would give them something that the Consu possessed and that the creatures did not, which was intelligence. And the Consu took the genes of the creatures and changed them so that their brains, as they grew, would develop intelligence well beyond what the creatures would themselves achieve through experience or through many years of evolution. The Consu made these changes to a few creatures and then set them back on the moon and over many generations all the creatures became intelligent. Once the Consu gave intelligence to the creatures they did not stay on the moon, nor shared themselves with the creatures, but departed and left machines above the sky, which the creatures would not see, to watch the creatures. And so the creatures for a very long time did not learn of the Consu and what they had done to the creatures. And for a very long time these creatures who now had intelligence grew in number and learned many things. They learned how to make tools and create a language and work together for common goals and to farm the land and mine metals and create science. But although the creatures thrived and learned, they did not know that they among all intelligent creatures were unique, because they did not know there were other intelligent creatures. One day, after the creatures had gained intelligence, another race of intelligent people came to visit the moon, the first since the Consu, although the creatures did not remember the Consu. And these new people called themselves the Arza and each of the Arza also had a name. And the Arza were amazed that the creatures on the moon, who were intelligent and who had built tools and cities, did not have a name and did not have names for each of their number. And it was then the creatures discovered through the Arza what made them unique: They were the only people in all the universe who were not conscious. Although every creature could think and reason, it could not know itself as every other intelligent creature could know itself. The creatures lacked awareness of who they were as individuals, even as they lived and thrived and grew on the face of the moon of the planet. When the creatures learned this, and although no individual could know it felt this, there grew within the race of these creatures a hunger for that thing they did not have: for the consciousness that the creatures knew collectively they did not have as individuals. And this is when the creatures first gave themselves a name, and called themselves â€Å"Obin,† which in their language meant â€Å"The ones who lack,† although it might be better translated as â€Å"The deprived ones† or â€Å"The ones without gifts,† and although they named their race they did not give names to each of their individual number. And the Arza took pity on the creatures who now called themselves Obin, and revealed to them the machines that floated in the sky and that were put there by the Consu, who they knew to be a race of immense intelligence and unknowable aims. The Arza studied the Obin and discovered that their biology was unnatural, and so the Obin learned who had created them. And the Obin asked the Arza to take them to the Consu, so they could ask why the Consu had done these things, but the Arza refused, saying the Consu met only with other races to fight them, and they feared what would happen to the Arza if they brought the Obin before the Consu. So it was the Obin determined they must learn to fight. And while the Obin did not fight the Arza, who had been kind to the Obin and took pity on them and then left the Obin in peace, there came another race of creatures called the Belestier, who planned to colonize the moon on which the Obin lived and kill all the Obin because they would not live in peace with them. The Obin struggled with the Belestier, killing all those who landed on their moon, and in doing so found they had an advantage; because the Obin did not know themselves, they were not afraid of death, and had no fear where others had fear in abundance. The Obin killed the Belestier, and learned from their weapons and technology. In time the Obin left their own moon to colonize other moons and grow their numbers and make war on other races when those other races chose to make war on the Obin. And there came a day, after many years, when the Obin decided they were ready to meet the Consu, and found where they lived and set out to meet them. Although the Obin were strong and determined, they did not know the power of the Consu, who brushed them aside, killing any Obin who dared to call or attack, and there were many thousands of these. Eventually the Consu became curious about the creatures they had made and offered to answer three questions for the Obin, if half the Obin everywhere would offer themselves up as a sacrifice to the Consu. And this was a hard bargain, because although no individual Obin would know its own death, such a sacrifice would wound the race, because by this time it had made many enemies among the intelligent races, and they would most certainly attack the Obin when they were weak. But the Obin had a hunger and needed answers. So one half of the Obin willingly offered themselves to the Consu, killing themselves in all manner of ways, wherever they were. And the Consu were satisfied and answered our three questions. Yes, they had given the Obin intelligence. Yes, they could have given the Obin consciousness but did not, because they wanted to see what consciousless intelligence was like. No, they would not now give us consciousness, nor would they ever, nor would they allow us to ask again. And since that day the Consu have not allowed the Obin to speak to them again; each embassy to them since that day has been killed. The Obin spent many years fighting many races as it returned itself to its former strength, and in time it became known to other races that to fight with the Obin meant death, for the Obin would not relent or show mercy or pity or fear, because the Obin did not know these things themselves. And for a long time this was the way of things. One day a race known as the Rraey attacked a human colony and its space station, killing all the humans they could. But before the Rraey could complete their task, the Obin attacked them, because the Obin wanted the colony world for themselves. The Rraey were weakened after their first attack and were defeated and killed. The Obin took the colony and its space station, and because the space station was known as a scientific outpost, the Obin looked through its records to see what useful technology they could take. It was then that the Obin discovered that one of the human scientists, who was named Charles Boutin, was working on a way to hold and store consciousness outside of the human body, in a machine based on technology the humans had stolen from the Consu. The work was not done, and the technology was not something the Obin at the space station could follow, nor the Obin scientists whom they had brought along. The Obin looked for Charles Boutin among the human survivors of the space station attacks, but he was not to be found, and it was discovered that he was away from the station when it was attacked. But then the Obin learned that Charles Boutin's daughter Zoe had been on the space station. The Obin took her from the station and she alone was spared among the humans. And the Obin kept her and kept her safe and found a way to tell Charles Boutin that she was alive and offered to return her if he would give the Obin consciousness. But Charles Boutin was angry, not at the Obin but at the humans who he thought had let his daughter die, and demanded in exchange for giving the Obin consciousness, that the Obin would make war on the humans, and defeat them. The Obin could not do this themselves but allied with two other races, the Rraey, whom they had just attacked, and the Enesha, who were allies of the humans, to make war on the humans. Charles Boutin was satisfied and in time joined the Obin and his daughter, and worked to create consciousness for the Obin. Before he could finish his task, the humans learned of the alliance between the Obin and the Rraey and the Enesha, and attacked. The alliance was broken and the Enesha were made to war on the Rraey by the humans. And Charles Boutin was killed and his daughter Zoe was taken from the Obin by the humans. And although no individual Obin could sense it, the entire nation despaired because in agreeing to give them consciousness Charles Boutin was their friend among all friends, who would do for them what even the great Consu would not: give them awareness of themselves. When he died, their hope for themselves died. To lose his daughter, who was of him and who was dear to them because of him, compounded this despair. And then the humans sent a message to the Obin that they knew of Boutin's work and offered to continue it, in exchange for an alliance and the agreement by the Obin to war on the Enesha, who had allied with the Obin against the humans, once the Enesha had defeated the Rraey. The Obin agreed to this but added the condition that once the Obin were given consciousness that two of their number would be allowed to know Zoe Boutin, and to share that knowledge with all other Obin, because she was what remained of Charles Boutin, their friend and their hero. And so it was that the Obin and the humans became allies, the Obin attacked and defeated the Enesha in due time, and the Obin, thousands of generations after their creation, were given consciousness by Charles Boutin. And among their number, the Obin selected two, who would become companions and protectors to Zoe Boutin and share her life with her new family. And when Zoe met them she was not afraid because she had lived with the Obin before, and she gave the two of them names: Hickory and Dickory. And the two of them became the first Obin to have names. And they were glad, and they know they are glad, because of the gift Charles Boutin gave them and all Obin. And they lived happily ever after. Hickory said something to me I didn't hear. â€Å"What?† I said. â€Å"We are not sure ‘and they lived happily ever after' is the appropriate ending,† said Hickory, and then stopped and looked closely at me. â€Å"You are crying,† it said. â€Å"I'm sorry,† I said. â€Å"I was remembering. The parts of it I was in.† â€Å"We told them wrong,† Hickory said. â€Å"No,† I said, and put up my hand to reassure it. â€Å"You didn't tell it wrong, Hickory. It's just the way you tell it and the way I remember it are a little†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I wiped a tear off my face and searched for the right word. â€Å"They're just a little different, is all.† â€Å"You do not like the myth,† Hickory said. â€Å"I like it,† I said. â€Å"I like it very much. It's just some things hurt me to remember. It happens that way for us sometimes.† â€Å"I am sorry, Zoe, for causing you distress,† Hickory said, and I could hear the sadness in its voice. â€Å"We wanted to cheer you up.† I got up from my seat and went over to Hickory and Dickory and hugged them both. â€Å"I know you did,† I said. â€Å"And I'm really glad you tried.†

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A statement on policy and procedures Issues as they relate to managements views and lord flings with regard to MOB A-123 audits. Writing position papers on justification of actions taken has raised some questions about control. There seems to be a shift in the mind set of managers now that Section 404 of Sox's (documentation) has really kicked in with compliance performance of the financial managers responsibility or in others words , who has or had authority ,command, and control of the process.The cause and effect of policy often goes against the procedures that are written to enforce the objectives of the policy. This is the standard loop hole in the blame game of shifting responsibility to the weakest component In the chain of custody process. In researching this Issue a new term has been developing in my statement writings, reciprocal responsibility. This reinforces the checks and balance that Is Intended to be In place at the out set.Most players In this game like this idea but there's not enough wiggle room for them. What they really want is assurance that the process is the root cause and not the policy. Managers enforce policy. Policy and procedures must be reciprocal to be effective and efficient. Most of the regulations allow for this sort of dialog to take place and encourage it, which is why Serbians-Solely is so board in its overall concept.Section 404 barely consist of a whole paragraph Thus allowing for broad interpretation for unknown circumstances yet to be considered (lessons learned) have successfully brought together adversarial components of major operational programs to bring clarity, understanding, and appreciation of each opposing inherent view of responsibility, objectives, and concerns that cause conflict In Information flow. By Its very nature, program management Is very personal and control Is a major part of that activity.Most people are reluctant to surrender that control; if it is perceived to be critical to their status in terms of command and control, even if it is not required. No one wants to be at the bottom of the pecking order in the chain of command. In risk management, some managers take on needless risk Just to maintain control†¦ This must be explained to managers, that one does not need to own something to control it. Depending on the function, ownership does not define control†¦ Authority is the overriding criteria for control. Internal Controls only work well in the environment that they were designed for†.Just as in the physical law of nature, the adjustments to correct a problem can be Just as disastrous even with proper controls. ‘The operation was a success, but the patient died'. Internal Controls have hit the wall of slightly criteria on the subject of materially to meet the level of reasonableness of the consideration given. And expectation of the outcome. â€Å"To support the conclusion, that the market will and can correct itself. With the proper internal control s is a fair assumption. As with policy and procedures they too household be capable of self adjusting to the demands of the process.But too much too soon is critical mass for any system to continue to function as intended. The Law of Diminishing Returns takes over and this is what happens when controls are not built to withstand the limitless aggression of greed. † There should be a certain amount of flexibility built-in to standards of control to allow for the occasional exception to the rules, but this should only be applied when not approving the event causes more harm than good. Standards must change to remain standards Donald J. White CAFE/SOX November 28, 2012

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Bmw - Essay Example From the marketing side three developments make the need for information greater now than in the past: global marketing, the customer-oriented marketing approach and the nonprice competition. Information transforms the financial decisions governed by the numbers into business decisions based on the probability of alternative strategic assumptions thus it requires that the business has formulated a strategy and this strategy and its assumptions are challenged. Therefore, the organization needs to continuously innovate in order to remain and become antagonistic. The management requires sales data especially up-to-the minute reports on current sales. It needs to have accurate data on stock levels of products, it needs information on customer profiles (financial and personal data), on marketing expenditure, on customers’ perception about the company and its products, on industry sales and market shares, on staff’s training needs, on financial aspects of the company (debts, loans, cash-flow, budgeting etc.), on R&D and on production line requirements. The BMW Group follows the efficient dynamics strategy i.e. the environmental friendly car production and the customer orientation. Thanks to the use of flexible working methods and working-time accounts, the BMW Group directs its production capacities highly efficiently to changes in demand on the various sales markets. Identify an example of each of strategic, tactical and operational decisions which might be/have been taken by your chosen business. Explain why these decisions are respectively strategic, tactical and operational. 18 marks Number ONEÂ  expresses our claim to leadership, its letters O, N and E stand for Opportunities, New and Efficiency: we want to make the most of new opportunities and achieve new levels of efficiency. Essentially, the name Number ONE stands for everything we do in relation

What are the essential differences between Prometheus(as he is Essay

What are the essential differences between Prometheus(as he is portrayed by Hesiod) and Loki as he appears in Scandinavian myth - Essay Example On the other hand, Loki was malevolent since his intentions were purely to cause suffering to others (Schnurbein, 112). Prometheus was a god of fire, who stole fire and gave it to mankind, an aspect that then brought civilization that was against the will of his family gods, because the god Zeus wanted to obliterate the human race but his plans were destroyed by Prometheus. Therefore, Prometheus was subjected to eternal punishment where the eagle would feed on his liver daily, â€Å"not only for stealing fire, but also for destroying Zeuss plan (Peretti, 194). Loki however applied his intellect in a totally different way. His mischievous intellect even enabled him to sneak his way up to becoming a god when he was not even deserving, and through his malice, he became â€Å"responsible, though indirectly, for the death of deaths of other gods† (Schnurbein, 117). There is little evidence to suggest even that Loki ever stole fire, but there is much evidence to the effect that his malicious ways brought a stir amongst the gods, and he was finally sentenced to punishment which he really deserved. The other essential difference between Prometheus and Loki is in relation to overall effects of their actions. Prometheus overall consequences were beneficial, but Loki’s overall consequences were destructive (Lamberton, 41). This is because; Loki was a selfish and egocentric god, who did not stop at anything to ensure that he succeed in his mischievous ways. Loki sided with his family against the other gods, and he set himself on a path of causing destruction to the other gods, even though little evidence exists to suggest that he deserved to be a god. He pursued his mischievous plans to the end, and saw the destruction that he intended to happen accomplished. Thus, even after being sentenced to imprisonment, his mischief did not end there. He was supported by his wife

On Native Soil video write up Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

On Native Soil video write up - Movie Review Example The documentary also depicts that none of the personnel involved in ensuring safety of the people has owned up to give a vivid explanation of what security loophole that existed or even apologize for the systemic failure to curb the incidence. However, after the incidence, the US government has continuously beefed security system in efforts to keep at bay any incidence of the kind. In the quest of the survivors and their families, they have requested for a transparent performance of the task force given the mandate to report the untold stories of the attack. The performance management though has been faced with several obstacles that have delayed the release of a concrete report regarding the attack and pessimism is taking precedence that the information will never come out. The documentary also depicts the ineffectiveness of the commission in giving concrete report of the

Computerized Data Acquisition of a Second Order Reaction Essay Example for Free

Computerized Data Acquisition of a Second Order Reaction Essay The rates at which reactions occur depend on the composition and the temperature of the reaction mixture. Usually the rate of reaction is found to be proportional to the concentrations of the reactants raised to a power.1 There are many reactions that have a rate law in the form of: (1) v = k[A]a[B]b According to reference1 the power to which the concentration of a species (product or reactant) is raised in a rate law of this nature is the order of the reaction with respect to that species. In equation (1) first order with respect to [A] and first order with respect to [B]; however, the overall reaction is the sum of the individual orders. Thus we have a second order reaction. In this experiment a hexacyanoferrate(III) ion ([Fe(CN)6]3-) oxidizes ascorbic acid (C6H8O6) by the following reaction: (2) 2[Fe(CN)6]3- + C6H8O6 = 2[Fe(CN)6]4- + C6H6O6 + 2H+ The reaction above is of a first order reaction at room temperature with respect to individual reactants; therefore the reaction stoichiometry and rate law at time t are: (3) aA + bBproducts and (4) -d[A] = k[A] [B] where [A] represents the concentration of ascorbic acid and [B] represents the concentrations of [Fe(CN)6]3- at time t. For this experiment we will use an integrated rate law in the form of: (5) ln [A] = b [A]0 a [B]0 kt + ln [A]0 where [A]0 and [B]0 are the initial concentrations of C6H8O6 and [Fe(CN)6]3- and a=1 and b=2. From equation (5), it is possible to calculate the second-order rate constant k by plotting ln [A]/[B] against time (find slope of line where b=2 and a=1). EDTA in this experiment is used as a masking agent to hide metal ions that would normally interfere with the analysis in this reaction. Thus the absorbance of [Fe(CN)6]3- at time t is given by: (6) Absorbance = 1012 [Fe(CN)6]3- The oxidation of C6H8O6 by [Fe(CN)6]3- involves a mechanism that consists of 3 steps.2 In the first step, the ascorbate ion (AH-) is rapidly formed by ionization of the ascorbic acid. (7) AH2 AH + H+ Following the ionization is the slow rate-determining step, the oxidation of the ascorbate ion to an ascorbate free radical (AH∙): (8) [Fe(CN)6]3- + AH-[Fe(CN)6]4- + AH∙ During the final step, an electron is rapidly transferred from the ascorbate free radical to the hexacyanoferrate(III) anion, producing dehydroascorbic acid (A): (9) [Fe(CN)6]3- + AH- [Fe(CN)6]4- + A + H+ The slow rate-determining step is an ionic reaction between [Fe(CN)6]3- and AH-. According to reference3, the specific rate constant of an ionic reaction in aqueous solution depends on two factors: the ionic strength I of the solution and on the charges ZA and ZB of the ionic species reacting to for the activated complex. (10) log k = log k0 + 1.02ZAZB I1/2 Experimental All reagents in this experiment were of reagent grade. Mass measurements were taken on a Shimadzu Libror AEG-120 analytical scale with an uncertainty of  ±0.0001. Manual data acquisition was taken with a Barnstead/Turner SP-830 spectrophotometer and a stopwatch. The computerized data acquisition was completed by a Cary 50 Bio. The experiment began by preparing four solutions of 1 x 10-3 M of K3Fe(CN)6 with varied concentrations of NaNO3: 0.025 M, 0.05 M, 0.1 M and 0.2 M. This was completed by dissolving 0.0329245 ( ±0.001) g of K3Fe(CN)6 with the specified concentrations of NaNO3 and deionized water in a 100 mL volumetric flask. A 25 mL aliquot of each solution was transferred into a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask and the temperature of the aliquot was recorded. Next, a 500 mL 2.5 x 10-4 M solution of ascorbic acid was prepared by using a standardized 0.01 M HNO3 solution dissolved in 0.005 g of EDTA and deionized water. A 25 mL aliquot was transferred into each of the four 100 mL beakers by using a 25 mL pipet. The spectrophotometer was set to 418 nm and the absorbance reading was zeroed by using deionized water as a standard. The ascorbic acid in the beaker was poured into the K3Fe(CN)6 solution and the timer was immediately started. The Erlenmeyer flask was swirled for 2-3 seconds before pouring the reacting mixture into a 1-cm cuvette. The cuvette was conditioned with the reacting solution 4 times before being placed into the sample holder of the spectrophotometer. An absorbance reading was taken at 30 seconds and every 30 seconds thereafter for a total of 6 minutes. The same process was implemented with the Cary 50 Bio except that each sample was analyzed by the computer for 7 minutes and 53 seconds. Data/Results

Relationship Between Mental Illness and Crime

Relationship Between Mental Illness and Crime The Circle of Crime Broadsheets and tabloids along with other forms of media continue to sensationalise the association between mental illness and crime with 46% of press coverage dedicated to crime, harm to others and self-harm which is concerning (Hudson, 2013). However, this can be detrimental to the psychological wellbeing of individuals who suffer from mental illness leading to victimisation and recidivism due to ineffective management of offenders with mental illness. This essay will critically discuss the current thinking in relation to the link between mental illness and crime. In particular, the transition of childhood abuse or violence to a crime being committed as a result of mental health problems. This essay will also attempt to demonstrate the impact incarceration which continues a pattern of offending due to unresolved mental health issues and the never ending cycle persists. Vinkers, Beurs, Barendregt, Rinne and Hoek (2011) investigated the relationship between mental illness and different types of crime. The study included 21,424 pre-trial forensic reports from the Netherland between 2000 and 2006. The crime which was found to have the strongest relationship with mental illness was arson which was then followed by assaults, homicide attempts and then threats. The crime which was found to have the weakest relationship (with diminished or absent accountability) with mental illness was sexual and property crimes. If there is a clear relationship between a mental illness and a crime which has been committed then accountability is considered to be diminished in Dutch courts (Vinkers et al., 2011). There are five degrees of responsibility in relation to crime the first being complete responsibility which is when a crime is committed by a person who is fully in their right mind, there is an absence of mental disorder or if the disorder is unrelated to the comm itted crime. This is then followed by slightly diminished, diminished, severely diminished and total absence of responsibility. To be absolved from guilt completely a severe mental disorder (usually of a psychotic nature) is necessary. An important strength of the research conducted by Vinkers et al. (2011) is that they directly studied the relationship between mental disorders and different types of crime. It is essential to understand why a relationship exits and not only that there is a relationship. When a person has an underlying mental health disorder and they commit a crime this does not necessarily mean the mental disorder caused them to commit the crime. For example if an individual who is addicted to drugs shoplifts this may be attributed to poverty and not related to them having a mental illness such as schizophrenia. Having established a link between mental illness and crime this essay will now consider the relationship between childhood violence or abuse and mental illness. Nikulina, Widom and Czaja (2011) investigated the effect that childhood neglect and childhood poverty (family and neighbourhood) had on the likelihood of developing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), academic achievement and crime in young adulthood. The results suggest that both childhood neglect and childhood family poverty predicted PTSD and arrest as an adult. The study also found that children who suffered from neglect and were poor were more likely to be delinquent and participate in criminal behaviour than children who were not poor and were not neglected. It was also suggested by Nikulina et al. (2011) that children who grow up in a poorer household (or neighbourhood) have a predisposition to trauma which makes them more likely have difficulties in later life. They concluded that n eglect and poverty were positively correlated with long term criminal, academic and mental health outcomes. The findings from Nikulina et al. (2011) indicate that adverse conditions and unstable living environments (including poverty) increase the chance that a person will develop PTSD symptoms. A persons surroundings are important in determining their risk for mental health and psychosocial outcomes. In addition to this Grisso (2007) suggest an association between youth delinquency and mental illness. In this study youths aged 9 and 10, 11 and 13 were interviewed and tested at three points in time. During at least one of these assessment points approximately one third of the youths met the criteria for one or more mental illnesses and the same amount of the total sample were arrested when they reached young adulthood. The results suggest that having a mental illness in adolescence is likely to have played a role in the subsequent offending as an adult. It is also suggested that suf fering from a mental illness between the ages of 9 and 16 poses a much greater risk of offending as a young adult. Effective community based intervention during adolescence is recommended by Grisso (2007) to reduce delinquency. A major problem which faces law enforcement is the high number of individuals with mental illnesses in the criminal justice system (Cuellar, McReynolds Wasserman, 2006). This creates complications both socially and politically. One way of combating this issue would be to use a specialised program such as mental health courts, which are relatively new. There are approximately 200 mental health courts in the United States with D’Emic (2014) becoming the first mental health court judge in New York State in March 2002. Mental health courts are an alternative to incarceration courts. The aim of these courts is to improve the psychiatric stability of offenders and also to improve public safety by connecting offenders with mental health treatment. Cuellar et al. (2006) suggest that for certain types of individuals, it is more appropriate to use problem-solving methods rather than punishment. They do this by working with other mental health agencies, families and housing providers to name a few. The aim of these courts is to support offenders who are suffering with a mental illness to live a constructive life which is free of crime in the community (D’Emic, 2014). One of the first cases to be brought to this court was a young man in his early 20s who had been arrested for two street robberies (D’Emic, 2014). While in jail he began to act bizarrely and he was subsequently taken to hospital to be observed. He was diagnosed with schizophrenia. The agreement was that if he engaged with treatment the indictment against him would be dismissed. He succeeded and went on to obtain a master’s degree and remained in therapy and continued to take medication which was prescribed for his mental illness. The treatment which was overseen by the mental health court ensured the continued safety of the public by effectively managing this young man’s mental health. If the only option for this young man was to be handed a prison sentence this could have resulted in him being released into the community with a serious, untreated mental illness. The aim of using this method is to reduce recidivism and also reduce the severity of crimes committed by offenders who suffer from mental illness which in turn would reduce the societal cost of crime (Cuellar et al., 2006). The concern for policymakers in the reduction of crime is to place more emphasis on rehabilitation and treatment of offenders with mental illnesses as opposed to prosecution and harsher punishment. Offenders with mental illness would find it more beneficial to engage with more appropriate and less expensive supervised care in the community than being embroiled in the criminal justice system (DeQuendre, 2002). If appropriate services were provided to sufferers of mental illness then they would not end up being arrested, in jail or facing charges in court (Cuellar et al., 2006). A finding from Cuellar et al (2006) is that more than half of youths who had a mental illness wer e re-arrested. Over a one year period it was reported that there were 63 fewer arrests per 100 youths who had voluntarily enrolled on the diversion programme. This is an opportunity for youths to avoid the formal court intervention and engage with appropriate developmental and treatment needs. Female prisoners have been identified as particularly vulnerable by MacDonald (2013) and more likely to suffer from higher levels of emotional distress than male prisoners. MacDonald (2013) examined 6 countries which were part of the EU DAPHNE Strong project. The purpose of this project was to increase the knowledge and understanding of professionals who work with women in prison who had been subject to childhood, intimate partner or other forms of physical and or sexual violence. The findings of the DAPHNE project were that 70-80% of the female prison population in Scotland had mental health problems, 50% of the prisoners had a history of sexual abuse and at least 50% of the women were presently in an abusive relationship (MacDonald, 2013). The findings were similar in England and Wales with 50% experiencing domestic violence. In Finland it is suggested that approximately three out of four female prisoners have been a victim of physical, psychological or sexual violence. Germany als o reports a victim violence rate of 70%. It was found in Scotland and Finland that women who had a history of violence and abuse were not routinely identified. Effective screening of mental health problems and also other health concerns is fundamental to the services which can be provided. It is imperative that gender-specific guidelines are set for managing female prisoners as they often have more complex health problems than male prisoners (World Health Organisation, 2009). The areas which require particular attention are mental illness, substance abuse issues, reproductive health and physical and sexual abuse. It has been reported that the mental health care which is currently provided is inadequate. This is due to lack of funding and also a lack of trained staff. The overuse of medication is also highlighted. A major concern in prisons is amount of prisoners who suffer from mental illnesses such as psychosis (3.7% of males and 4% of females), major depression (10% males and 12% females) and antisocial personality disorder (45%) as this increase the likelihood of suicide (MacDonald, 2013). It is suggested that the treatment of mental illnesses including self-harm should be managed in the community where they originated. The problems which women face require specific treatment plans which are currently not provided by The Prison Service and unlikely to be without the appropriate resources being dedicated. The United Kingdom appears to be efficient in providing information. In women’s prisons in Scotland, England and Wales there are posters, brochures and leaflets however this method of delivery can be problematic for prisoners who have writing and reading difficulties. The need for a range of services to be provided to prisoners is advocated by Prison staff. These include a named member of staff who has responsibility for violence and abuse who prisoners can be referred to, informing the prisoners of the chaplaincy service and encouraging the prisoner s to use informal and therapeutic approaches to deal with their issues such as writing down their feelings or using art therapy. An important mechanism in supporting prisoners is to empower them to believe they can overcome their difficulties and live a happier healthier life. MacDonald (2013) infers that the criminal justice system appear unwilling to provide alternatives to custodial sentences. Cuts in public spending have further implicated the capacity for the prison service to offer any staff training. The availability of services is widely inconsistent within countries and also within the EU (MacDonald, 2013). Visher and Bakken (2014) examined the mental health status of women who were leaving prison and how their mental health shaped their re-entry outcomes. Problems that the women face over a year after leaving included poorer health, difficulty securing a home, trouble gaining employment and more involvement in criminal behaviour. Women who enter prison are more likely to report excessive history of physical sexual and emotional abuse which puts them at high risk of mental illness (Visher Bakken, 2014). There is also a strong link between childhood abuse and mental illness, in particular depression, PTSD, panic and eating disorders. Women inmates are reported to have higher rates of mental illness (73%) than males (55%). A large study was carried out looking at 357 women from six states that were released from prison. Of these women 44% reported a diagnosis of depression, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), bipolar disorder, PTSD and schizophrenia (Visher Bakken, 2014). Out of these women over half of them felt that they still required treatment for their mental illness a quarter of them believed that they need â€Å"a lot† of treatment. An important finding was that the need for this treatment pre-ceded the imprisonment. Women who suffer from mental illness are likely to face problems at every stage of the criminal justice process from the moment they are arrested, to being imprisoned and then finally when they are released and subsequently reintegrated back into the community. Reports indicate that history of women’s lives play a role in their criminal involvement such as personal abuse, mental illness and substance abuse, homelessness, poverty and also being involved in troubled relationships. Due to these difficulties women often find it difficult to re-establish their lives when they leave prison. The difficulties they have are getting a job, finding a place to live, earning enough money to support them, and also building relationships with t heir family which may have been broken due to being in prison. To avoid recidivism it is essential that women with mental health problems are provided with treatment during and after imprisonment. However prisons due not have the resources to provide this treatment and only those in the most secure facilities receive any support. Visher and Bakken (2014) conducted a longitudinal study called Returning Home; Understanding the Challenges of Prisoner Re-entry which examined the lives of prisoners before, during and a year after leaving prison. A simple effective method that could be employed is a checklist for problems which might require follow up care or management. If any mental health issues are identified then women should be referred on to a community case manager in order to receive the appropriate services for their needs. Recidivism is an important issue which needs attention as eventually the majority of imprisoned offenders will return to society (Gontkovsky McClellan, 2000). Rehabilitation is particularly important especially with regards to inmates who have mental illness. Some of these inmates have a pre-existing mental illness whereas others develop an illness due to issues such as fear of violence and restricted freedom (Gontkovsky McClellan, 2000). Due to inadequate staffing, evaluations of offenders with psychological issues are often brief and unreliable which results in ineffective treatment. In theory the key to successful rehabilitation is providing individually tailored treatment programs however, this is rarely implemented. Resources should not be wasted on individuals who are unwilling to put the effort in but should be reserved for individuals who are motivated for change. To avoid recidivism women need the opportunity to deal with any trauma they have suffered and they need support to learn more effective ways of dealing with their problems to take control of their own lives. In Germany counselling and conversation during the night are provided to prisoners. The suggestions for improving the current practise for women in prison is using prison as a last resort for women who do not pose a risk to society. Also all policies which are developed must recognise the gender specific needs of women and finally mental illnesses which arise from substance abuse and PTSD should be specifically addressed (MacDonald, 2013).One of the objectives of this project was to develop a resource pack for prisons and other criminal justice related authorities to provide examples of good practice and to highlight programmes which already exist for women survivors of violence and abuse. A second objective of the project was to develop a training programme for the staff that ca rries out work with female prisoners who have experienced violence to help them understand the problems which these women face. In conclusion this essay has established the link between mental health and crime with regards to past life experience and in particular to females. The difficulties which individuals with mental illness face who commit crime have also been addressed. Effectively managing mental illness would benefit both the individual and also wider society. A broader understanding in the criminal justice system of mental illness would also be beneficial. For individuals who pose a risk to either themselves or to others there is often no alternative to a custodial sentence. However, for the individuals who do not pose a risk to themselves or to others perhaps developing and implementing other strategies than custodial sentences would reduce the ever revolving prison door. This would also take the pressure off of the prison service to provide treatment which they are not equipped to provide. If issues are identified in childhood early intervention may also reduce the number of individuals with menta l illness who find themselves entrapped in the ever revolving door of prison. Rather than condemn individuals with mental illness who commit crime it may be more constructive to identify the reason which caused them to offend in the first place. In some cases mental illness will play a role in the offending behaviour however in some cases other factors may have cause the offending. It is of utmost importance to clarify the factor which led to the offending behaviour in order to deal with the situation effectively and reduce further offending.

Assessing The Capacity Of A Person With Dementia Social Work Essay

Assessing The Capacity Of A Person With Dementia Social Work Essay The aim of this assignment is to discuss how a social worker would assess the mental capacity of a service user who has been diagnosed with dementia. This essay will discuss the various meanings of the different types of dementia and how their mental health diagnosis affects an individuals ability to make important decisions in their lives. This essay will discuss how the Person-Centred Dementia Care (VIPS) framework written by Tom Kitwood (1997) is able to guide the social worker in applying theoretical frameworks and also by applying Law and assessing the specific capacity of a person diagnosed with dementia. This assignment will also discuss how the citizenship, social and medical models differentiate in their understandings and meanings of dementia. When assessing capacity it is important to distinguish what type of capacity you are assessing. This could involve assessing decisions based on financial issues, housing situation, personal or domestic care needs, the ability to asses s risk and safety, and also regarding their physical health care needs. The social worker is able to apply the Mental Capacity Act 2005 to provide justification and guidance when assessing the service users mental capacity. The social worker will implement their professional judgement and accountability as well as work in a multidisciplinary manner and liaise with the GP, psychiatrist, neurologist, community psychiatric nurse or community mental health team. This would enable the social worker to obtain more evidence and reports in determining the mental capacity of the service user. The social worker will assess the mental capacity of a service user diagnosed with dementia through any form of assessment of need i.e. safeguarding needs, support needs, housing needs etc. It is also important to work in anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive manner when working alongside service users. The Alzheimers society (2010) found that diagnosable dementia occurs in 5% of those aged 65 years and over and in about a quarter of those aged 85 years. Of those with dementia, 50-60% will have Alzheimers disease and a further 10-15% a vascular or multi-infarct dementia. There are many forms of dementias, which include potentially reversible illnesses, such as alcohol-related dementia and those due to structural intracranial lesions. Dementia progresses as a very variable illness; in the early stages patients with dementia can continue to live at home with the support of family and friends. As the illness progresses, this support needs to be supplemented with targeted assistance to address aspects of daily living such as maintaining nutrition, self-care and compliance with medication. Tom Kitwood (1997) was the first writer to use the term personhood in relation to people with dementia. Kitwood (1997) defined personhood as a standing status that is bestowed upon human beings, by others, in the context of relationship and social being, it implies recognition, respect and trust (Kitwood, 1997:16). The person-centred dementia care framework brings together ideas and ways of working with the lived experience of people with dementia that emphasised communication and relationships. (Kitwood 1997 cited Brooker 2007:14). The person-centred care involves four major elements, the first being valuing people with dementia and those who care for them, promoting their citizenship rights and entitlements regardless of age or cognitive impairment Drake (1999:19) asserts; Citizenship is more than consumerism, which is where the expression of power is limited to making choices or expressing preferences it is about equality of opportunity and process although the outcome may be limited by the abilities of any individual. There are many ways of understanding dementia which consist of the medical model, the social approach and the citizenship approach to dementia The citizenship approach to dementia is a new approach which concentrates on how people with dementia can help society in terms of political, and social rights, talking part in work, leisure, political debates and religious celebration. This approach is based on reciprocity, which is why this is a new development as nobody was thinking about the people diagnosed with dementia as being able to give as well as receive. ..dementia describes a group of symptoms which result from the destruction of brain cells. Although dementia is a physical illness, most of the symptoms and problems caused by the illness require psychiatric expertise and care. (Brotchie 2003 p. 2) Dementia affects peoples ability to remember things for more than a few seconds, make sense of the world around them, cope with daily living tasks and express their feelings. Other factors which affect people with dementia are being able to think clearly and solve problems, make plans, unable cope with an over-stimulating environment and find it difficult to behave in a normal way. Dementia is one of the main conditions which are a result of mental confusion, memory loss, disorientation, intellectual impairment, or similar problems. (Mace et al 2006). Brotchie (2003) found that different people may suffer from different symptoms of dementia, depending on their personality and their illness which lead to dementia. Brotchie (2003) outlines four most common symptoms of dementia which are memory loss, changes in personality, difficulty in communicating and loss of practical skills. Memory loss is often a sign which occurs earlier and highlights something is not right, however could be mistaken for forgetfulness brought on my stress or feeling low in mood. A person with dementia may gradually forget where they are and how to get home; therefore emphasising there is a cognitive problem. People who may have dementia show changes in their personality as people struggle to function with a limited thinking capacity and over-react with everyday situations and daily tasks. People who are know to be calm may become aggressive or abusive, alternatively a person know to be reserved before they became ill may lose all social inhibitions. Changes in peoples behaviour are caused by damage to the brain and are not something the person can control or prevent. (Brotchie 2003 p.3) This view of damage to the brain as a cause of dementia is supported by the medical model. The medical model concentrates on brain damage and state there evidence by its nature of becoming worse as time goes on. Jacques Jackson (2000 p.4) emphasise the amount of; tibbs 2006 p16 ..damage dementia does to the lives of sufferers and those around them. It poses an enormous challenge to health and social services and to the community as a whole. People diagnosed with dementia may struggle in making themselves understood e.g. forgetting the name of simple objects or familiar people. They may also find it difficult to make sense of what is being said to them as a result being unable to carry out instructions. People with dementia may forget things a few minutes after they have been told which is done by mistake and not intentional. Another symptom which may occur with a person who has dementia is having serious problems with carrying out simple tasks such as tying a shoe lace or doing up a zip, other tasks such as eating, dressing and washing become more difficult as the illness becomes worse. The majority forms of dementia are irreversible, there are limited treatments but the most help a person can get is from their family to plan for the best form of care in the future. It is vital for a doctor at this stage to be involved in the persons care and treatment (Brotchie 2003). Cantley and Bowe (2004) found that there can be oth er causes for these symptoms which may not be linked to dementia such as a general medical illness, drug toxicity or a life changing event. In the more advanced stages of the illness dependence increases and there is often the need for residential or nursing care. Issues of capacity and consent are important at many stages of dementia and particularly affect financial issues, ability to assess risk and safety, and also decisions over physical healthcare (British Medical Association (2009). Marshall Tibbs (2006) found that the Mental Capacity Act 2005, which followed the Adult with Incapacity Act 2000, means that we are more able to offer protection in law to adults who lack mental capacity, including people diagnosed with dementia. A major change to this law emphasised that presumption against lack of capacity, which means a person is now presumed to be capable of making their own decisions until proved otherwise. The second element from the person-centred framework consists of treating people as individuals taking into consideration their unique personality, physical and mental health, social and economic resources and that these will affect their response to neurological impairment (Brooker 2007:12). Marshall Tibbs (2006), have argued that this involves the presence or absence of Mental Capacity, which can be determined by two questions in order for the service user to have the capacity to make the decision they should be able to comprehend and retain the information which is material to the decision, especially as to the consequences of making or not making the decision in question. It is important for the social worker to take this into consideration when assessing a person capacity and making a professional judgment. The service user should also be able to use the information and weigh it up as part of the process of arriving at a decision (Marshall Tibbs 2006:34). The social worker sho uld take into consideration that an individual may retain capacity to make certain decisions such as, the choice of what to eat but, lack the capacity to make serious decisions such as managing their finances i.e. paying bills. According to the British medical association (2009) all adults are assumed to have mental capacity unless there is evidence to prove this is not the case. There are many factors which can affect a persons capacity temporarily, such as dehydration, infection, medication or fatigue however assumptions about impairment cannot be based on age alone or frailty. It is important for the assessor to talk with the person when they are at their best taking in to consideration any physical problems which could affect their cognitive ability. A wide spectrum of ability is found in people deemed to have impaired competence, including those living with dementia or with learning disabilities. It is important, therefore, to see each person as an individual. Disease or other factors can result in temporary, fluctuating or enduring incapacity. British Medical Association (2009:34). There are issues which need to be addressed before a person is assessed to have capacity or not such as, behavioural or cultural differences which are not indicators of impaired cognition. On the other hand, decisions which come across as being rash or unconventional are not indictors of impaired cognition either but can lead to the process of a formal assessment. It can become clear by talking to a person with dementia if they have sufficient mental capacity to make particular decisions; however, if this is not clear a GP or psychiatrist are often the best professionals to give a view, especially if the person has had previous contact with them. It is vital to understand in these circumstances an assessment cannot be rushed and time should be taken in looking at the person medical history and the decision for which the person is being assessed. An individuals appearance and behaviour needs to be taken into account e.g. if they suffer from a mood disorder or a mental illness. If a person has suffered from damage to the brain, such as a stroke, this can make verbal communication near impossible however it is not necessarily an indicator of reduced mental capacity. Similarly, long term memory loss is not an indicator of reduced mental capacity however being unable to retain information long enough to make a decision would invalidate it. British Medical Association (2009). If a person has to make a serious decision and there is still doubt about their mental capacity it would be advised for a formal assessment to be completed. If a person lacks capacity it is usually possible to assess their ability through conversation, but if they refuse assessment, it cannot proceed unless required by court. If it is clear a person lacks mental capacity and they havent given their consent decisions on their behalf are governed by the Mental Capacity Act 2005. According to Brown Barber (2008), the Mental Capacity Act 2005 begins, in Section 1, by emphasising five key principles to be followed whenever working within this framework of the Act. These are to work with the person with dementia with the assumption that they have capacity unless it is proved otherwise, not to treat the person as unable to make decision unless all the steps to help them to do so have been unsuccessful. The third principle of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 emphasises not to treat a person as unable to make decisions for themselves just because the person may make an unwise decision and a decision made, under this Act, on the behalf of a person who lacks capacity must be done, or made, their best interest. The final key principle of the Act is: Before the act is done, or the decision is made, regard must be had to whether the purpose for which it is needed can be as effectively achieved in a way that is less restrictive of the persons rights and freedom of action Brown Barber (2008:5-6). The third element of the person-centred approach is looking at the world from the perspective of the person with dementia, recognising that each persons experience has its own psychological validity, that people with dementia act from this perspective and that empathy with this perspective has its own therapeutic potential (Brooker 2007:63). The assessment process will consist of many areas that should consider their environment, such as their home and finances many individuals with early dementia retain the capacity to complete an enduring power of attorney which at a later date can be registered (Brooker 2007:67). The Mental Capacity Act 2005 includes the Lasting Powers of Attorney (section 9-12 and 22-23). A Lasting Power of Attorney in section 9 (1) as: a power of attorney under which the donor (P) confers on the done (or donees) authority to make decisions about all or any of the following- Ps personal welfare or specified matters concerning Ps personal welfare, and Ps property and affairs or specified matters concerning Ps property and affairs, and which includes authority to make such decisions in circumstances where P no longer has capacity. (Brown Barber 2008:41). The social worker will also assess safety and risk. Marshall Tibbs (2008:44) argue as dementia progresses the risk of self neglect, exploitation and wandering may determine a persons ability to live alone, while risks posed to other from driving and misuse of gas appliances may cause great concern still. In this situation the level of this would be too high for that person to continue to live within their home environment due to health and safety reasons. This may result in the use of the Mental Health Act 1983 for the purpose of permanent residential accommodation or 24 hour care by family members or carers. The Mental Capacity Act 2005, Section 2 refers to the diagnostic test which is narrowed down to the functional test in order to identify the smallest area of decision-making to apply for the incapacity test. Further in the Act, Section 3 provides the test which should be used to determine a persons mental capacity on a particular decision e.g. refusal of medication. The Section 3 test is to establish whether a person is able to understand information relevant to the decision and if they are able to retain to information. The person is also tested of their abilities to use or weight that information as part of the process of making the decision or if they can communicate effectively regarding the decision (by talking, using sign language, or any other way) Brown Barber (2008). According to the Mental Capacity Act 2005, anyone involved in the care or support of a person could have a say in the capacity assessment, which would usually include, family members, health and social care workers, but most importantly doctors, psychiatrist and psychologists assessments would be crucial. Typically the people who are responsible to carry out capacity assessments are nurse practitioners, social workers, doctors and neuropsychologists (Halton Council 2008). There five key principles of the mental capacity act 2005 have to be considered if a professional is to do an assessment with a person diagnosed with dementia. It is important that the social worker begins with the assumption that the person has capacity. It is also important for the social worker to understand a persons appearance or diagnosis is not a sign of a lack of capacity, therefore highlighting the need to document accurate information for considering that a person may not have capacity in relation to a specific decision. The social worker has to consider mental capacity issues throughout the assessment as they would risk and safeguarding issues, noting the specific areas which raise concern. The Mental Capacity Act 2005, Code of Practice states: Where assessments of capacity relate to day-to-day decisions and caring actions, no formal assessment procedures or recorded documentation will be required. (Davies 2008:8) The Mental Capacity Act 2005, Code of Practice, gives guidance on when there is a need for a clearly documented assessment. This is where a decision which needs to be made has major consequences, such as a decision to change accommodation or a decision to accept or decline support at home. Another reason for a clearly documented assessment may be if there is a dispute with the person, their family or the care team, as to the capacity of the individual. The person who may need the assessment may be subject to challenge therefore requiring an assessment for capacity or there may be legal consequences of finding capacity. (Davies 2008:9) One main reason for a person to have an assessment for capacity is to reduce the risk the person poses to themselves in terms of preventable suffering or damage (Davies 2008). Not all of these circumstances are exact and require professional judgement and ongoing supervision. Davies (2008) explains in some circumstances the capacity for an individual ma y be related to a specific decision at a specific point in time therefore, the need for an on-going assessment for capacity may be required. Brown and Barber (2008) discuss the concept best interests in regards to the Mental Capacity Act 2005. The Act 2005 states that one crucial principle is that if a decision is made for or, on the behalf of someone else who lacks capacity must be done, or made in that persons best interest. This principle applies to anyone who is carrying out the responsibility for making the decision such as a family member, paid worker or carer, an attorney, a court-appointed deputy or health professionals. Brown and Barber (2008) assert the need for people who have the responsibility for making other peoples decisions, being familiar with the Acts new requirements for the checklist approach. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 new checklist approach is set out to contain common factors which should be measured on every occasion a decision is to be made. The Law Commission (1995, para 3.28) First, a checklist must not unduly burden any decision-maker or encourage unnecessary intervention; secondly it must not be applied too rigidly and should leave room for all considerations relevant to the particular case; thirdly, it should be confined to major points, so that it can adapt to changing views and attitudes. A person who has the responsibility to make decisions on the behalf of someone who lacks capacity should consider the following steps to ensure the best interest of that person. These steps are to firstly encourage participation, which is for the person making the decision to do their utmost to encourage and support the person with dementia to take part in making the decision, secondly identify all relevant circumstances, this is to try include all the things the person who lacks capacity would usually take into consideration if they were making the decision themselves. Thirdly, find out the persons views who lacks capacity such as their past, present wishes and feelings, any beliefs and values, and any other factors which the person would usually consider. An important factor is to avoid discrimination and not make statements about a person best interest because of their age, appearance or diagnosis. It is necessary to consider whether the person might regain capacity, if so can the decision wait until then? Finally, the person making the decision should consider if the decision concerns life-sustaining treatment, and should not make assumptions about how the person should or shouldnt live (Falconer 2007). The Mental Capacity Act 2005 also include consulting others an a key aspect of considering how a person best interest could be meet effectively. If it is appropriate to do so, discuss with other people for their opinions about the persons best interest, as they may have information about the person wishes and feelings. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 state the people that should be consulted are: anyone previously named by the person as someone to be consulted on either the decision in question or no similar issues, anyone engaged in caring for the person, close relative, friends or others who take an interest in the persons welfare, any attorney, and any deputy appointed by the Court of Protection to make decisions for the person. (Brown and Barber 2008:34) If the decision is for an important medical treatment and there is no one to confer with then an Independent Mental Capacity Advocate (IMCA) must be consulted. In safeguarding concerns if a person is deemed to have no capacity involving a specific type of risk and decisions, and family members are deemed inappropriate, it is essential that a IMCA is involved in important safeguarding investigations in providing best interest decisions for the individual. The Independent Mental Capacity (IMCA) Service was a late initiative to the Mental Capacity Act 2005, and has been available since October 2007. Section 35 of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 highlights the main purpose of IMCA , which is to support and stand for the person concerned, to establish their wishes and feelings and to monitor that the Acts principles and the checklist are being met. The Mental Capacity Act 2005, highlights that a decision-maker does more than making a decision on someone behalf who lacks capacity, but also ensures the persons human rights are met. The Mental Health Act 1983 has a process whereby they are able to detain people who are mentally disordered which in specific circumstances would be an appropriate response, however the Mental Capacity Act 2005 have a different approach seeing restraint as deprivation of liberty. When a person is said to lack capacity it is difficult for them to decide about being in a particular place and is in effect deprived of their liberty, and there are several options which could be taken: scale down the level of restrictions to what would be seen as a restriction of movement rather than a deprivation of liberty arrange an assessment under the Mental Health Act with a view to using its powers make an application to the Court of Protection to make a personal welfare decisions follow the new Bournewood procedure consider short-term or emergency use of common law powers. (Brown Barber 2008 p.39) The Bournewood Judgement involved an NHS trust to remove an autistic man unable to speak and limited understanding from a day centre to an in-patient unit without his consent. In 2004, the European Court of Human Rights upheld the families view that detention under the Common Law of an incapable patient using the best interest argument was unlawful because it was too arbitrary (Marshall Tibbs 2006:43). If people are to be deprived of their liberty, there must be some lawful justification and some safeguards. For patients with mental illness, use of mental health legislation should be considered if the patients meet the statutory requirements. The Bournwood Judgment marked a significant step forwards in the recognition of the rights of incompetent individuals (British Medical Association 2009:87). It also enforced to the empowerment and rights of older people with impaired capacity. The fourth element of person-centred care is proving a supportive social environment, recognising that all human life is grounded in relationships and that people with dementia need an enriched social environment which both compensates for their impairment and fosters opportunities for personal growth (Brooker 2007:83). This is view of considering the social environment of a person with dementia is supported by the social model as it is based upon a person environment and social circumstance, considering dementia as an impairment which results in a person becoming unable to function as a normal person. This is a positive outlook on dementia as it can adopt a rehabilitation approach allowing chance for change and making the experience of dementia a better one, whereas, on the other hand the medical model which argues otherwise which is often a pessimistic view. Marshall Tibbs (2006) book expands the concepts of rehabilitation to include teamwork, working with families, prostheses, re moving causes of excess disability, learning motivation and focusing on what the main problem is which needs to be addressed. Whilst working with older people social workers must remember to work in an anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive manner at all stages, such as, an assessment, planning and intervention. The person-centred framework enables a social worker who works alongside people diagnosed with dementia to understand there medical conditions and to provide a package of care at a deeper level and to provide them with many opportunities in leading a valued and fulfilling life. These standards are underpinned by values and ethics that must support the development and delivery of practice. These include a social worker demonstrating respect for an individual, maintaining trust and maintaining confidentiality. Other values consist of understanding and making use of strategies to challenge discrimination, disadvantage and other forms of inequality and injustice (Crawford Walker 2009). Butler Lewis (1973 p.30) argue: Ageism can be seen as a process of systematic stereotyping of and discrimination against people because they are old, just as racism and sexism accomplish this for skin colour and gender. Crawford Walker (2009) argue that working with in older people may include people who are vulnerable, who may be oppressed and disadvantaged however, each person is individual and have their process of getting older (Crawford Walker, 2009:34) therefore it is important to treat each person individually. Whilst working with older people it is essential to consider a whole range of issues such as demonstrating awareness of the legal, policy, and political context of the work being completed, combined with an in-depth understanding of the experiences of that older person in their specific situation. The social worker must be attentive to potentially abusive situations, whilst at the same time working in a multidisciplinary manner with other relevant professionals and organisations. Social workers must work towards developing a holistic approach to assist their practice in working with older people as it allows them to take into account the persons situation in society and the values an d ethics of social work. Overall the main principle to assess a person diagnosed with dementia is to remember to assume the person has capacity if proved otherwise. Once an assessment is completed and the appropriate professionals are consulted and it is deemed that the person is deemed to lack capacity then it is vital to work towards the person best interest ensuring them of their human rights. This is done by using the checklist approach ensuring all the factors are covered before a decision is made. The person who has the responsibility for make the decision on someone behalf could be a professional, family relative, Power of Attorney or an Independent Mental Capacity Advocate. All these issues must be considered whilst working with someone who lacks capacity. It is crucial when assessing and determining a persons mental capacity to take into consideration all aspects of the persons life, health and important decisions that require to be made. It is also essential that the social worker has to take into consideration that a mental capacity is based on a specific aspect of a persons capacity for example managing finances, housing etc. Word Count: 4,740

Franz Kafkas Use of Humor Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

Franz Kafka's Use of Humor Franz Kafka, born on July 3, 1883 in Bohemia, in the city of Prague, has been recognized as one of the greatest writers of the twentieth century. His works have been called "cloudy, mysterious, inexplicable" (Oates ix). Most people hear the term Kafkan or Kafkaesque and think of dark, fantastic tales with almost no basis in our known reality. But what of Kafka's sense of humor? I personally laughed out loud several times while reading Kafka's Amerika. Were these snippets of humor part of Kafka's plan or mere accidents? According to Roy Pascal, author of Kafka's Narrators: A Study of His Stories and Sketches, "There is a good deal of humour in these early stories, as in the novels and later stories, but it is often ambiguous and can be overlooked" (Pascal 40). The humor that Pascal refers to is not the usual vaudeville, slap- stick so common in today's society. "Kafka never laughed so much as he did with [Felix] Weltsch, and it was Weltsch who first stressed the role of humor in Kafka's work - gallows humor spiked with desperation, but liberating for them both (Pawel 131). Kafka was a man who was more subtle than most and preferred his humor in a more deliberate vein. Irony was a flavor that seemed to work better for Kafka. By taking a look at some of Kafka's works we can see this irony more clearly. In Kafka's short story entitled, "The Judgement," written in 1912, we see one of the unusual uses of irony by Kafka. The central figure, Georg Bendemann, has just gotten into a long and somewhat heated argument with his aging and infirm father. Suddenly Georg's father "threw the blankets off with a strength that sent them all flying in a moment and sprang erect in bed. Only one hand touched the ... ...afka used humor, as shown here, he used it to further emphasize the horror of what was going on in his worlds. Works Cited Gray, Ronald. Franz Kafka. London: Cambridge University Press, 1975. 74-75. Janouch, Gustav. Conversations with Kafka. Trans. Goronwy Rees. New York: New Directions Publishing Corporation, 1971. 33. Kafka, Franz. The Complete Stories & Parables. Trans. Willa and Edwin Muir. New York: Quality Paperback Book Club, n.d. - - -, Amerika, Trans. Willa and Edwin Muir. New York, Schoken Books, 1974. Oates, Joyce Carol. Foreword to: The Complete Stories & Parables. Trans. Willa and Edwin Muir. New York: Quality Paperback Book Club, n.d. Pascal, Roy. Kafka's Narrators: A Study of His Stories and Sketches. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. 189-230. Pawel, Ernst. The Nightmare of Reason. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1984.

Characterization through Imagery and Metaphor in The Scarlet Letter Ess

Characterization through Imagery and Metaphor in The Scarlet Letter      Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Throughout his novel, The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne reveals character through the use of imagery and metaphor.    In the first Chapter of The Scarlet Letter, "The Prison-Door", the reader is immediately introduced to the people of Puritan Boston. Hawthorne begins to develop the character of the common people in order to build the mood of the story. The first sentence begins, "A throng of bearded men, in sad-colored garments and gray, steeple-crowned hats, intermixed with women, some wearing hoods, and others bareheaded, was assembled in front of a wooden edifice, the door of which was heavily timbered with oak, and studded with iron spikes" (Hawthorne 45). Hawthorne's use of vivid visual images and his Aaccumulation of emotionally weighted details" (Baym xii) creates sympathy for the not yet introduced character, Hester Prynne, and creates an immediate understanding of the harshness of the Puritanic code in the people. The images created give the freedom to imagine whatever entails sadness and morbidity of character for the reader; Hawthorne does not, however, allow the reader to imagine lenient or cheerful people.    The above excerpt was provided so that the student would know the focus of the essay. The complete essay begins below.    Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts in 1804. After his graduation from Bowdoin College in Maine, he quickly became a well-known author of literary tales concerning early American life. Between 1825 and 1850, he developed his talent by writing short fiction, and he gained international fame for his fictional novel The Scarlet Letter in 1850 (Clendenning 118). Rufus Wilmot Griswold... ...g and appreciation of qualities of characters, and hence, a deeper understanding of underlying motives and psyche. Intricate and methodical characterization is crucial to grasp the full meaning of a narrative.    Works Cited Baym, Nina. Introduction. The Scarlet Letter. By Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York City: Penguin Books USA, Inc. 1986. Clendenning, John. "Nathaniel Hawthorne." The World Book Encyclopedia. 1989 ed. Griswold, Rufus Wilmot. "The Scarlet Letter." The Library of Literary Criticism of English and American Authors. Ed. Charles Wells Moulton. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Peter Smith Publishing, 1959. 341-371. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. New York: Penguin Books USA Inc., 1986. Smiles, Samuel. "The Scarlet Letter." The Critical Temper. Ed. Martin Tucker. New York City: Frederick Ungar Publishing Company, 1962. 266.

Macbeth :: essays research papers

I am going to prove that in the play Macbeth, a symbol of blood is portrayed often(and with different meanings), and that it is a symbol that is developed until it is the dominating theme of the play towards the end of it. To begin with, I found the word "blood", or different forms of it forty-two times (ironically, the word fear is used forty-two times), with several other passages dealing with the symbol. Perhaps the best way to show how the symbol of blood changes throughout the play, is to follow the character changes in Macbeth. First he is a brave honoured soldier, but as the play progresses, he becomes a treacherous person who has become identified with death and bloodshed and shows his guilt in different forms. The first reference of blood is one of honour, and occurs when Duncan sees the injured sergeant and says "What bloody man is that?". This is symbolic of the brave fighter who been injured in a valiant battle for his country. In the next passage, in which the sergeant says "Which smok''d with bloody execution", he is referring to Macbeth''s braveness in which his sword is covered in the hot blood of the enemy. After these few references to honour, the symbol of blood now changes to show a theme of treachery and treason. Lady Macbeth starts this off when she asks the spirits to "make thick my blood,". What she is saying by this, is that she wants to make herself insensitive and remorseless for the deeds which she is about to commit. Lady Macbeth knows that the evidence of blood is a treacherous symbol, and knows it will deflect the guilt from her and Macbeth to the servants when she says "smear the sleepy grooms with blood.", and "If he do bleed, I''ll gild the faces of the grooms withal, for it must seem their guilt." When Banquo states "and question this most bloody piece of work," and Ross says "is''t known who did this more than bloody deed?", they are both inquiring as to who performed the treacherous acts upon Duncan. When Macbeth is speaking about Malcolm and Donalbain, he refers to them as "bloody cousins" A final way, and perhaps the most vivid use of the symbol blood, is of the theme of guilt. First Macbeth hints at his guilt when he says "Will all great Neptune''s ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?", meaning that he wondered if he would ever be able to forget the dastardly deed that he had committed. Then the ghost of Banquo, all gory, and bloody comes to