Famine, Affluence, and Morality Essay Example for Free

Famine, Affluence, and Morality EssayIn Peter vocalists 1972 article titled Famine, Affluence and Morality, he suggests that wealthy nations have an ethical duty to contribute much more than they do to other nations who be pathetic through a natural disaster, extreme poverty, famine or other issues. In this paper, I will describe Singers objective and bump his demarcation with regards to this issue. I will describe three counter-arguments to Singers view which he addresses, and after that reveal Singers reactions to those counterarguments. I will formulate Singers idea of marginal utility and also differentiate how it pertains to his argument.I will compare how the ideas of duty and charity alter in his suggested world. To conclude, I will provide my own position in response to Singers argument. The primary objective of Singers article is to express that we as nation have the capacity to support those in dire gather up as it is our moral duty to do so. He uses the disas ter in atomic number 99 Bengal as an example. Continuous poverty, a cyclone, and a civil war have turned a minimum of 9 million people into abandoned refugees nonetheless, its non beyond the capability of the wealthier countries to provide sufficient help to decrease further suffering to genuinely sm exclusively proportions (Singer 1972).He thinks that thithers no reason at all for respective(prenominal)s to suffer if other people have the ability to assist and prevent it from happening or getting worse. Its our moral responsibility to modify our air of living so as to achieve this important objective. They are overcrowded, hungry, dehydrated and need medical attention. Singer believes that we have the resources to decrease the suffering and pain to that extent we disregard the problem and do nothing at all, which can be immoral. We should modify our opinions of morality so as to develop a dedication to dowry people in dire need.Singer provides counter-arguments in his work w hich I will talk about here. He offers his readers a scenario which involves a drowning kid and a witness. Most people would try to save the kid since its the right action to take. Singer proposes that this duty happens since lots of people know that a drowning kid is considered very bad and outweighs the fact they you have to get your clothes muddy and wet. The counter-argument in this situation proposes that because I am not the only individual seeing this event, why is it my duty to do something positive about it?Why must it be my ethical responsibility to assist this kid in case nobody else is doing anything regarding it? Singer explains, In case its in our power to avoid something bad from occurring, without thereby compromising anything of comparable moral significance, we should, morally, to do it (1972). He thinks that we are able to do whats right however we should decide to do whats right even when everybody else decides not to. Singer also touches on whether our moral re sponsibilities must be restricted to distance.The counter-argument in this instance proposes that because these suffering people are so far outside(a), why is it my moral responsibility to help them instead of using it in my own empyrean? According to Singer, It makes no ethical difference whether the individual I can assist is a neighbors kid 10 yards from me or a Bengali whose strike I shall never know, 10,000 miles away (pg. 232). Its still our moral obligation to do whats right. Is it morally appropriate to discriminate against a suffering individual good ascribable to their distance?Singer suggests, In case we accept any rule of impartiality, universalizability, equality, or whatever, we cant discriminate against somebody just because he is far away from us (or we are far off from him) (pg. 232). A persons distance must not restrict our moral duties. Singer believes that everybody must give when its required. Many people are not contributing, so how much must I give witho ut making myself or my loved ones worse off? The counter-argument here is whether to give more than can cause financial stuggle. He discusses the probability of contributing to the point of marginal utility.As Singer states Because the situation seems to be that not many people are likely to give considerable sums, it makes sense that I and everybody else in similar conditions must give as much as possible, that is, at least up to the level at which by giving more one would start to cause acute suffering for oneself and ones dependents-perhaps even beyond this level to the stage of marginal utility, at which by giving more one would cause oneself and ones loved ones just as much suffering as one would prevent in Bengal (pg. 234).To conclude, we all must give as much as possible so long as it doesnt cause us to suffer in the process. Singer proposes that responsibility and charity is our ethical duty. We ought to assist unknown people in need of assistance if we are capable to and th at it would be morally incorrect not to contribute. We must put on our old clothes instead of purchasing bran-new ones just for the simple truth that you want to be well dressed. Duty and charity change in this future world since in this era, many people wont give up certain luxuries so as to give to other people.Most people are selfish and would prefer to indulge in the finer matters in life rather than worry about contributing their hard earned bucks to other people in need of assistance. Individually, I house Singers point for many reasons. I do think that we must assist people in need when we are capable of doing so as long as it does not cause us to suffer financially. I go for that a few luxuries must be overlooked if it implies that a life can be saved.In case we were suffering or in an identical condition, would we wish or expect assistance? I agree that its the correct thing to do morally. I dont believe that we must discriminate against a suffering person simply because that individual isnt in our society. The life of an individual is invaluable and must come first of all. To conclude, Singers primary point is that it is our moral obligation to assist other people in propagation of need with regards to medical care, food, shelter or reconstruction.I agree that we must contribute our money and time to assist other people if it doesnt create a bad impact on our own lives. In this era, lots of people are selfish as well as greedy and dont usually eat up to take into consideration other people in need of assistance. People need to understand that there are lots of people around suffering and may ultimately pass away if they dont get the assistance they need as well as deserve. I agree that it is our moral duty to assist any person in urgent need even when its an individual thousands of miles away.

Holden Australia Essay Example for Free

Holden Australia Essay1. Management Decision Problem1.1 BackgroundHolden is an Australian company which is manufacturing and supply of cars, engines and motorcar parts. With the fomite market in good times, the sales of Holden continued to drop even though it received a massive financial supplement of rough $150 million a year from the Australian government (Coorey, 2013). Moreover, Martin (2013) states that the VF model as a mod product cannot alleviate the crisis in the market and play Holdens decline 12.5% in 2012 (Appendix 1). In 2013, Holden manufacturing plants suddenly announced that it will cease its production line in Australia in 2017. The main reason is that Holden doesnt rush a definite understanding of the consumer preferences and barter for intentions. These problems resulted in the company facing difficulty with their business operation.1.2 Decision Makers Key GoalHolden should improve their innovation of products to ontogenesis their sales volume.1.3 Manag ement Decision ProblemShould Holden is new product be changed?1.4 Rationale Research ProblemThe new product of Holden has problems that are different from the existing demand of the customer. Successful industrial innovation has three critical factors which are technology push, demand pull, and integrated model (Rothwell, 1992, p. 221).Holdens innovation developments not only drop product line but also influence on product sale result. When Holden develops new products, it is not based on the customer feedback instead fit to the companys product categories and competitors developed product. It leads to setting a vague plan to develop products. As a consequence, roughly customers may not purchase the innovation vehicle beca intention the products are not needed.2. Marketing Research Problem2.1 Marketing Research Problem statementTo determine consumer preferences and purchase intentions for the proposed.2.2 Rationale Research Problem check to Holden Australia, the outlook of vehi cles market is constructive, but its market share is in decline, some scholars think that Holden isinability to build quality in innovation may be the main problem that will influence its market share and change consumer purchase behavior. on that pointfore, Holden should maintain its competitive advantage through decreasing product bearing cycles, building quality in innovation and investigating perceptions held by Australia customers. Additionally, Holden can strike different variables which may change consumer decision making based on the MRP in prescribe to increase market share and develop new product.3. Research Objective Problem3.1 Research objective oneTo rank how Holden Australia introduces new good-natured offers for the customers to increase the sales of the product. (RO1)3.2 Research objective twoTo assess Holden Australias new product to satisfy the different customers needs. (RO2)3.3 Research objective threeTo identify Holden Australia needs to supply target grou p planning to vehicle market. (RO3)4. Repertory TestThe repertory test is one of the research objectives. It is through the structured soft interview (normally one-on-one) that is utilize to identify the interviewees opinion to the test issuance and it is trustworthy. Repertory test also known as Kellys Triads or Triad sorts (Wilson, A. M., 2006). In todays society, repertory test analysis is one of the popular techniques for estimating research targets and it is a common method to generate constructs through some targets and participants (Pike, 2005). Furthermore, the repertory test has opposite benefits which are help researchers to understand the opinion of the respondents more conveniently and effectively and distinguished the detail could be more identify etc.. However, the repertory test also has a couple of disadvantages including taking more time for analysis and lack of standard of test. In this case, Repertory test can be used in research to identify how Holden attract s customers to purchase. There are two key points to help Holden attract clients. First of all, the repertory test will be used on the Ro1. The company can use this test to understand the clients psychological state. According to appendix 2, car customers ranking shows Holdens score is -3%. In contrast, Japanese cars with a positive score come out top.Holden reallyneed to understand the Australian consumer buying behavior or psychological motivations, and which marketing method is the most attractive to Australian consumer. Secondly, it can also use this test on the Ro2. The aim of RO2 is to satisfy the customer different needs, so the test can be used to identify what the customers real demand about the existing car or new product is. For example, quality and safety are important factors for Australia consumers buying a new car (Appendix 3). Therefore, Holden can analyze the competitive strengths and weaknesses, and then improve their products. This will improve their sale status.5 . Focus GroupThe focus group is the by and large widely used in qualitative tools. A focus group discussion is to collect data through a group (8 to 10 participants) interaction and a moderator. The main objective of a focus group is to get in depth answers of consumers, and understand consumer attitudes and behavior on its products (Warren, C. A. B., Karner, T. X., 2010). The group participants are selected conservatively and discussions based on their experiences and views. In addition, researchers or clients can use one way mirrors to observe participants opinions and behaviors. Moreover, focus groups can be an early coiffure to invalidate problem as a filter. The advantages of focus groups are freedom, comfortable, high involvement, and commonality experience. For example, if participants have similar experiences and attitudes as others, they will have higher willingness to discuss the topic with other group members. Therefore, researchers not only can involve participants efficiently, but also can stimulate discussion of the topic. However, there still are some disadvantages of focus groups, including misuse, misjudge, moderation, messy and misrepresentation.For example, when participants have difficulties in presenting their opinions it will cause the discussion to fail. In this case, the focus groups can be used for research objective three. Researchers of Holden Australia should agnise up a target group in order to investigate consumer attitudes and behaviors. The main goal is to increase Holdens market share through consumer trends. There are three main topics to increase market share and maintain competitive advantages. Firstly, Holden should build quality in its new product in order to satisfy consumer demands. For example, safety is veryimportant for majority consumer (Appendix 3). The second topic is to focus on price, when consumers who focus on cost will change their purchase behavior (Ahmed, M., Zaman, F. Irfan ,M. S., 2013). For example, Holden can provide promotional program to attract consumers. The last one is that Holden sales services are a very important stage to increasing costumers willingness to purchase again.ReferenceColquhoun, S. Blackbur, B. (2010, August 3). Ford, Holden fail satisfaction survey. Drive. Retrieved from http//www.drive.com.au/motor-news/ford-holden-fail-satisfaction-survey-20100803-114hk.html Coorey, P. (2013, December 11). Governments treatment of Holden was bizarre. Financial Review. Retrieved from http//www.afr.com/p/ matter/government_treatment_of_holden_was_QwElLu2O3lse6cNIradzzI Martin, T. (2013, November 8). Market Insight Holden hopes rise with VF sales. Market Insight company news. Retrieved from http//www.goauto.com.au/mellor/mellor.nsf/story2/34C9E821132DC201CA257C1D0005E329prettyPhoto Masoom Ahmed, Fazluz Zaman, Munshi Shamsuzzaman Irfan. (2013). Consumers brand choice behavior for car. Kuwait Chapter of the Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 2(5), 198 Pike, S. (2005). The use of repertory grid analysis and importance-performance analysis to identify determinant attributes of universities. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 14(2), 1-18. Rothwell, R. (1992). Successful industrial innovation Critical factors for the 1990s. RD Management, 22(3), 221-240. doi10.1111/j.1467-9310.1992.tb00812.x Warren, C. A. B., Karner, T. X. (2010). Discovering qualitative methods Field research, interviews, and analysis. New York Oxford University Press. Wilson, A. M. (2006). Marketing research An integrated approach. New York Prentice Hall/Financial Times.

Security and Vulnerabilities of Browser Applications

Security and Vulnerabilities of Browser ApplicationsHi friends,I would like to discuss the ashes vulnerabilities, relevant CVE identifiers, cyber protective covering solution and some of common findings I encountered while using sack up browser applications. agreement vulnerabilities are weaknesses benefits the attackers to introduce the malware and other threats to the system. These threats are harmful to softwares and internet applications and which are mitigated by various guarantor mechanisms and procedures. Both hardware and software are vulnerable to various threats and appropriate security measures are needed to be make upressed.Cross site scripting is vulnerability which may be initially intentional in a legal way. The attacker efficiently carries out something malevolent mission in users browser while perchance visiting of fake URL. For instance, the malicious script which possesses XSS bugs will be executed in the context of a website. In order to run malicious Jav aScript enrol in users browser, the attacker manipulates a use to site the webpage with injected JavaScript play load.Common Vulnerabilities and Exposure (CVE)It is a dictionary of common names for cyber security vulnerabilities. The products and services well-suited with CVE earmark better exposure, interoperability and improved protection. The following are the list of recent vulnerabilities through cross site scripting in CVE database.eClinicalWorks Patient Portal 7.0 build 13 was designed on January 27, 2017. The common vulnerability identifier is 95835 and entry is CVE-2017-5599. This was encountered with cross site scripting vulnerability which affects the page inwardly the patient portal. The socially manipulated play load executed within the patient portal javascript page without any authentication. This vulnerability pulls out important information or attacks users browser.The CVE entries are CVE-2016-4256, CVE-2016-4257, CVE-2016-4258, CVE-2016-4259, CVE-2016-4260, CVE- 2016-4261, CVE-2016-4262, CVE-2016-4263, CVE-2016-6980.Cyber security measures and solutions for the above vulnerabilitiesThe security measures like add plug in antivirus or firewall software applications in the browser hobo scan incoming and outgoing data traffic, scanning analysis of suspicious files and malicious applications protect the personal information and online transactions and protection against the untrusted wifi.The vulnerabilities discovered in my system/common findingsWhen I opened the manipulated URL, the payload executed within my browser without any authentication. This lead to infection and entry Xs bugs into my system. The system vulnerabilities discovered area) Cross site scripting lead attack on browser applications and operating systemb) Unauthentically accessed the personal/sensitive informationc) Entry of malicious applications and bugsReferenceshttps//www.hq.nasa.gov/security/it_threats_vulnerabilities.htmhttps//www.symantec.com/connect/articles/five-com mon-web-application-vulnerabilitieshttps//cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvekey.cgi?keyword=cross+site+scriptingResponse1HiI like extend the discussion of System Vulnerabilities-Adobe flash player and security concerns.Adobe flash player is an application used to generate graphics, animations, browser games, rich internet applications, desktop applications and mobile games. boulder clay now, Adobe has more than 94 Vulnerabilities. I like to mention some of the cyber security solutions which improve the protection of adobe flash player such as periodical update of software and always using cyber security tools with multilayer protection. Mostly, the cyber criminal hack the default chrome plugins like Adobe flash player. The recent security improvements made by experts in Night watch cyber security team in duck soup software development to help their customers and solve the issues. The Adobe AIR security facilitate controlled environment for the unfaithful websites and running other applicati ons from various resources.Responses 2Hello Avinash,I would like to mention the advanced versions of IBM Web knowledge base applications designed with security functions. These IBM WSA version7, V8, V 8.5 are prone to the attacker and prevent the gathering of sensitive information. SSLv3 vulnerability (CVE-2014-3566) is the reason for the loss of sensitive information IBM server. This can be appropriately mitigated by the IBM web server security versions with default security. Most valuable infrastructure based preventive measures integrated into to the web sphere application server. So the advance versions of the web application can counter the malware and leakage of sensitive information from a server.With regards

About Cervical Cancer

About cervical crabby personAbstractCervical malignant neoplastic dis establish is the abet most rough-cut ca manipulation of placecer death in developing countries. The cause of cervical rout outcer is the human papilloma virus (HPV). Cervical crabby person has other risk factors, equal having multiple male sexual partners, starting to have sexual intercourse at an premature age, having other sexually transmitted disease, having weak immune system and smoking.Cervical offercer can be prevented by avoiding risk factors and undergoing regular application footraces. The most common methods used in cervical top argon nipple exam and HPV test. World intimatelyness Organization estimated that about 510,000 new cases of cervical pubic louse were diagnosed yearly. HPV examination is used as a primary back method in some highly- genuine countries. Fewer amounts of tests required and better cost efficiency can be achieved by doing HPV scrutiny first and Pap interrogator y as a second test. Some studies suggested that HPV examen might be the efficacious cervical screening method and other studies did non suggest that. The vignette HPV covering for Cervical pubic louse in Rural India indicated that HPV testing was the most objective and reproducible of all other cervical screening tests. It seems to be a good shoot with well designed methodology and reliable results and conclusions, but it was criticized by R Marshall and Chengquan. They showed clearly that the test marred by test group biases and estimable concerns. to a greater extent well designed studies are needed to clarify this issue and to show which method is proper to that country or to this geographical area. IntroductionCervical cancer is the cancer of the lowest part of the uterus, which is known as cervix. Cervical cancer is very slow growing, but in some cases it can grow and mobilize quickly (Dolinsky Hill-Kayser, 2009).There are m any(prenominal) types of cervical cancer. The most common type is called squamous cell carcinoma (figure 1), which found in about 80% of cervical cancer cases, whereas adenocarcinoma is the second most common type of cervical cancer (Dolinsky Hill-Kayser, 2009). Cervical cancer is more common in developing countries than it is in developed countries. It is the second most common cause of cancer death in developing countries. It can affect young women who are 20 years one-time(a) or some time younger than that (Dolinsky Hill-Kayser, 2009).The cause of cervical cancer is the human papilloma virus (HPV) (figure 2) which was discovered by Harald zur Hausen who won the Nobel loot in 2008 for this discovery (Nobel Prize organization, 2009). This virus is a sexually transmitted virus. It can cause genital warts which may or may not flip-flop to a cervical cancer (Dolinsky Hill-Kayser, 2009).The subtypes of HPV which have been confirmed to cause cervical cancer are 16, 18, 31 and 33 (Murray et al., 1998 Dolinsky Hill-Kayse r, 2009). Other researches suggested that subtypes 35 and 45 as well can cause cervical cancer (NHS cancer screening platformmes, 2009). A woman has HPV infection does not mean that she is going to have a cervical cancer (Dolinsky Hill-Kayser, 2009).Other risk factors for cervical cancer are having multiple male sexual partners, starting to have sexual intercourse at an early age, having other sexually transmitted disease (herpes, syphilis, gonorrhea or Chlamydia), having weak immune system (HIV, organ transplantation or Hodgkins disease) and smoking (Dolinsky Hill-Kayser, 2009).The early stages of this disease usually do not have any symptoms, but as tumor increment in size, some non-specific symptoms for cervical cancer will occur, like abnormal bleeding, abnormal vaginal discharge, pelvic or back pain, pain during urination and bloody stool or urine (Dolinsky Hill-Kayser, 2009).Cervical cancer can be diagnosed by Pap testing, HPV testing, liquid-base cytology and by taking a biopsy during Colposcopy. The biopsy is the only way to be sure if the patient has a cervical censer. Radiologic testing may also help in the diagnosing of this disease (Dolinsky Hill-Kayser, 2009).Cervical cancer can be treated by Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy (Dolinsky Hill-Kayser, 2009). It can be prevented by avoiding risk factors which have been discussed previously and undergoing regular screening tests (Dolinsky Hill-Kayser, 2009).In Islam devotion for example, smoking and any sexual relationship not through amidst wives and husbands (reducing sexually transmitted diseases) are strictly forbidden, this can reduce the chance of having cervical cancer within Muslim societies (Adam, 2009). In addition, male circumcision which is a part of Islam religion has found to be a good factor in cervical cancer prevention as researches have found that the wives of circumcised men have little risk of getting this disease than the wives of uncircumcised (Mission Islam, 2009 ). Moreover, many countries have started to do cervical cancer screening to diagnose this disease in its early stages. Pap testing (cytological testing), HPV testing and liquid-base cytology can be used in this screening programs which will be discussed later (Kufe et al., 2003 Jamison et al., 2006).Now a day, the vaccine Gardasil is used to prevent cervical cancer in women who are not exposed to HPV (Dolinsky Hill-Kayser, 2009).This study is aimed to discus the importance of HPV screening in the control of cervical cancer and clarifies the most suppress method for cervical cancer screening. The Global Burden of Cervical crabby person and the purchasable Methods for Controlling the DiseaseCervical cancer is the second most common cancer among females worldwide with about 493,000 new cases and 274,000 deaths in 2002. Cases occur in developing countries are estimated to be about 83% (Bosch et al., 2009). Thomas Rohan and others stated that opportunities for cervical cancer prevent ion have been created by our understanding of the cause, particularly the role of HPV infection (Rohan et al., 2003). In addition, World Health Organization estimated that about 510,000 new cases of cervical cancer were diagnosed yearly. In Africa, about 68,000 new cases are reported every year, whereas 77,000 new cases are reported in Latin America and 245,000 in Asia (Pagliusi, 2009).In United Kingdom, about 25.51 millions females who are 15 years old are at risk of having a cervical cancer during their life. This kind of cancer is be as the 11th most common cancer in females in UK and the 2nd most common cancer in females between 15 and 44 years old. In addition, about 8.9% of females in the population of UK are estimated to have HPV infection at a given time. Currently in UK, it is estimated that about 3181 females are reported with a cervical cancer yearly and about 1529 deaths (Bosch et al., 2009).Many researches suggested that the drop in incidence and mortality of cervical cancer which have been spy in the last 50 years in developed countries can be related to the introduction of screening programs (Kufe et al., 2003).The most common methods used in cervical screening are Pap (cytological) testing and HPV testing (Kufe et al., 2003). The most widely used method in the world is the Pap testing. This method is simple, flash and some times is used as a secondary screening method. It basically involves exfoliating epithelial cells collection from the squamocolumnar junction of cervix or transformation govern (Walker et al., 1990 Kufe et al., 2003).In addition, HPV testing is used as a primary screening method in some developed countries. It is used mostly to distinguish between a high risk women group and others (Kufe et al., 2003).The study of Joakim Dillner and others suggested that HPV testing as a screening method is safe and effective when it is done every half dozen years (Dillner et al., 2008) and it should be done for women who are 30 years o ld or older because they are typically past the peak age of self-limited infection (Castle, 2008).HPV DNA testing might be a more clinically effective method than cervical smear, but its specificity is low because it could lead to surplus repeated screening and follow up (Nelson (I), 2009).Fewer amounts of tests required and better cost efficiency can be achieved by doing HPV testing first and Pap testing as a second test (Medscape Medical News, 2009 Nelson (I), 2009).Existing Randomized Controlled Trails Investigating the Use of HPV Testing in the Control of Cervical malignant neoplastic diseaseMany randomized controlled trails have been done to investigate the use of HPV testing in the control of cervical cancer. Some studies suggested that HPV testing might be the effective cervical cancer screening method (Grce and Davies, 2008 Rebar, 2008 Nelson (II), 2009). On the other hand, other studies suggested that HPV testing does not improve cervical cancer screening (Brown, 2009 NHS cancer screening programs, 2009).In Italy, the second recruitment phase of the study titled New Technologies for Cervical cancer Screening (NTCC), women to conventional cytology (24,661 women) with referral to colposcopy if cytology indicated a typical squamous cells of undetermined import or more sever abnormality or to HPV DNA testing alone by Hybrid Capture 2 (24,535 women) with referral to colposcopy if the test was positive at a concentration of HPV DNA 1 pg/mL or greater were randomly assign. It has been concluded that HPV testing with a cutoff of 2 pg/mL achieves a substantial gain in sensitivity compared to cytology with only a small reduction in Positive Predictive Value among a group of women old 35 to 60 years. In contrast, for women aged 25 to 34 years, it is suggested that there is a frequent regression of CIN2+ that is detected by direct referral of younger HPV testing-positive women to colposcopy as a result of the large relative sensitivity of HPV testing compare d with conventional cytology (Ronco et al., 2008).In addition, the results from a 6-year prospective study in Rural China exhibit that a single oncogenic HPV DNA testing is more effective than cytology in predicting future CIN2+ status (Shi et al., 2009).The study benignant Papillomavirus DNA versus Papanicolaou Screening Tests for Cervical Cancer which was done in Canada, conducted a randomized trial comparing the two methods, found that HPV testing has greater sensitivity than Pap testing for the detection of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (Mayrand et al., 2007).The Population Based Screening Study Amsterdam (POBASCAM) which is a population based randomized controlled trial for implementation of hrHPV testing by GP5+/6+ PCR-enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with a classical cytology as a control group was done between January 1999 and September 2002. It was done among 44,102 women aged between 29 and 61 who participated in the regular Dutch screening program. This study (POBASCAM) indicated that large scale hrHPV testing is accepted by both participating women and general practitioners, is practically feasible and event highly reproducible results (Bulkmans et al., 2004). In 1997, a 10-year study Randomized Controlled Trial of compassionate Papillomavirus Testing in Primary Cervical Cancer Screening (SWEDESCREEN) was started. This study aimed to investigate whether HPV-based cervical cancer screening which is known to increase sensitivity for detection of high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is represent overdiagnosis or a tutelary effect. It included 12,527 women aged between 32 and 38 years and were randomized (11) to HPV testing and cytology testing (intervention arm) or cytology only (control arm). Its conclusion indicated that HPV testing with a cytology testing is more sensitive than cytology testing alone (U.S. subject area establish of Health, 2009).In another study, titled Randomized Controlled Trial of Human Papillomavirus Testin g Versus Pap Cytology in the Screening for Cervical Cancer Precursors, the Canadian Cervical Cancer Screening Trial (CCCaST), randomized women aged between 30 and 69 years were categorize in to Pap testing group and HPV testing group. The findings at recruitment phase of this study indicated that HPV testing is more sensitivity and less specificity than Pap cytology testing (Mayrand et al., 2006).An Overview on the Methodology, Results and Conclusions of the Study HPV Screening for Cervical Cancer in Rural India Rengaswamy and others began their study HPV Screening for Cervical Cancer in Rural India in 1999 and completed after 8 years. In this study, 52 clusters of villages with a total of 131,746 healthy women aged between 30 and 59 years were randomly assigned to 4 groups of 13 clusters each. These groups assigned to go through screening byHPV testing group (34,126 women) (27,192 were screened and 2812 (10.3%) had positive results).Cytology testing group (32,058 women) (25,549 w ere screened and 1787 (7.0%) had positive results).Visual Inspection of the neck with Acetic Acid (VIA) group (34,074 women) (26,765 were screened and 3733 (13.9%) had positive results).Standard care group (control) (31,488 women) (not offered screening but were advised on how to seek screening) (only 1946 (6.2%) requested screening and that fashion (93.8%) stayed without screening.Women who had positive results went through colposcopy and biopsies were taken and those with cervical precancerous lesions or cancer received appropriate treatment (Sankaranarayanan et al., 2009).The results of this study showed that In HPV testing group cervical cancer was diagnosed in 127 women and 34 deaths occurred.In Cytology testing group cervical cancer was diagnosed in 152 women and 54 deaths occurred.In VIA group cervical cancer was diagnosed in 157 women and 56 deaths occurred.In Control group cervical cancer was diagnosed in 118 women and 64 deaths occurred.In addition, this study indicated that of the 131,806 women, 60 died or migrated before the study began. The study groups were equally distributed in terms of household type, religion, occupation, marital status and number of pregnancies. The well balanced study will help to remove any biases to any group of the study. The results of this study showed alsoInvasive cervical cancer developed in 8 (0.033%) of 24,380 HPV negative results women.Invasive cervical cancer developed in 22 (0.093%) of 23,762 cytology negative results women.Invasive cervical cancer developed in 25 (0.109%) of 23,032 VIA negative results women (Sankaranarayanan et al., 2009).The protocol of this study was reviewed and approved by the scientific and ethical review committees of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the Tata Memorial Center (TMC) and the Nargis Dutt Memorial Cancer Hospital (NDMCH). It was supported by the Bill and Melinda supply Foundation through the Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention (Sankaranarayanan e t al., 2009).This study concluded that a single round of HPV testing was associated with a significant decline in the rate of advanced cervical cancers and associated deaths compared with the unscreened control group, whereas there was no significant reduction in the rate of death in either the cytology testing or the VIA group compared with the control group. Previous conclusions indicated that HPV testing was the most objective and reproducible of all other cervical screening tests (Sankaranarayanan et al., 2009).This study seems to be a good one with well designed methodology and reliable results and conclusions, but it is clear that about 93.8% of the control group did not do any cervical screening during the 8 years which may raised an ethical issue might affecting the approval of this study if it was done in different country. gain ground more, the courses and training period given to different staffs who participated in this study may be not enough to give them good experienc e in order to have less chance of error during the diagnosis.An Overview on the Criticizing Article Titled Test Group Biases and Ethical Concerns Mar New England Journal of Medicine Articles Promoting HPV Screening for Cervical Cancer in Rural India A few months after the publication of previous study, R Marshall and Chengquan had criticized it. They suggested that unexpected biases might have occurred in some of the test groups of the study. The study stated that the positive predictive value for detecting CIN 2-3 was 19.3% in the cytology testing group, higher than 11.3% in the HPV testing group and the study results indicated that essentially the same number of cervical cancers was detected after positive screening test results in the cytology group (88 women) and in the HPV group (87 women) (Austin Zhao, 2009). Also, they observed that in the report of 2005, this study indicated that the detection rates of HPV testing did not show any improvement over cytology, but its conclusi on of 2009 indicated different findings (Austin Zhao, 2009). I call back this is not a problem as findings and conclusions of scientific studies usually change over time. In addition, of 54 cervical cancers related deaths in the cytology group, 27 deaths were in the assigned but not screened group and another 18 deaths were in patients who had abnormal cytology results. In HPV group, 19% fewer cervical cancer deaths (22 women) were in the assigned but not screened group and 33% fewer deaths (12 women) occurred in women with abnormal HPV testing results. These data supported the hypothesis that biases were introduced in the study groups. (Austin Zhao, 2009). I hypothesise it is possibly true, because these data can show that the follow up and treatments were not equally effective in the two groups. So, even when cytological detection is successful, women can still die from cervical cancer due to inappropriate management. In addition, these data also can show that the effectivenes s of cytology as a cervical screening method is depended on its acceptance by women. R Marshall and Chengquan have raised questions about the partnership between AACPs coordinating organization and the HPV test manufacturer (Austin Zhao, 2009). I think this partnership if it is real, it can affect the final results and conclusion in way that show the advantages of HPV testing in order to increase the income of the manufacture. Also they stated that it is not fare to allow a large number of control group to go without any screening during the study (Austin Zhao, 2009). I think it is true that it is not fare to leave women in the control group without any screening and this can lead to ethical concerns.In addition, cytology screeners were accomplished for only three months, which was very short period. They concluded that cytology screening is better than HPV screening according to the results of the previous study (Austin Zhao, 2009).In my opinion, the criticizing letter might be in the correct direction. From a brief reading and viewing of the study, the reader might believe that its finding indicated that HPV testing as a cervical cancer screening method is better than other tests, but deep reading will show him the limitation errors of this study which were firstly published by R Marshal and Chengquan. They showed clearly that the study marred by test group biases and ethical concerns. The study might try to cover and exclude some facts which can show that cytology testing was better than HPV testing.Use or Not to Use HPV Testing as a Primary Screening Test for Cervical NeoplasiaIt has been argued that HPV testing is the best method for cervical cancer primary screening. I think that HPV testing is a good method to be used in cervical cancer primary screening in developing countries as well as in developed countries to reduce the incidence and mortality rates of cervical cancer. Studies which concluded that HPV testing is better than cytology testing are more than those which showed the opposite.The high cost of HPV testing can be overcome by the support of WHO and privet firmament companies in these developing countries. Also, the high cost of HPV testing can be overcome by the selective use of HPV testing, e.g. in the over 30s.Many studies suggested that Human Papillomavirus is found in most of cervical cancer cases if not all. So, the use of HPV DNA testing in a well designed screening program may help in diagnosis early stages of cervical cancer, giving better chance for treatment compared with Pap testing which may give mendacious negative results. In conclusion, it is clear that different results and findings were gathered from different studies which try to find the proper method for cervical cancer screening. These differences may be occurred because the studies done in different countries. And is it known that each country has its own geography, rate of mortality, rate of incidence and other factors which may affect the burden of cervical cancer disease.So, more well designed studies are needed to clarify this issue and to show which method is proper to that country or to this geographical area in order to save womens lives. ReferencesAdam, A. (2009), Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Islam. Kuwait. Available from http//www.islamset.com/hip/anvir_adam.htmlAccessed 30-11-2009.Austin, R. M., Zhao, C. (2009), Test group biases and ethical concerns mar New England Journal of Medicine articles promoting HPV screening for cervical cancer in rural India. CytoJournal, 6 (12), pp. 1-5.Bosch, F. X., Castellsague, X., Sanjose, S., Alarcon, F., Albero, G., Bruni, L., Ferrer, E., Louie, K. S., Miralles, C., Monfulleda, N., Munoz, J., Perez, S., Rajo, C., Roura, E. (2009), Human papillomavirus and related cancers. United Kingdom, WHO/ICO Information Centre on HPV and Cervical Cancer. Available from http//apps.who.int/hpvcentre/statistics/dynamic/ico/country_pdf/GBR.pdf?CFID=278048CFTOKEN=18959369Accessed 1-12-2 009.Brown, A. J. (2009), HPV testing does not improve cervical cancer screening. The Lancet Oncology, 16 (52), pp. 02 -0400.Bulkmans, N. W. J., Rozendaal, L., Snijders, P. J. F., Voorhorst, F. J., Boeke, A. J., Zandwijken, G. R., van Kemenade, F. J., Verheijen, R. H., Groningen, K., Boon, M. E., Keuning, H. J., van Ballegooijen, M., van den Brule, A. J., Meijer, C. J. L. M. (2004), POBASCAM, a population-based randomized controlled trial for implementation of high-risk HPV testing in cervical screening design, methods and baseline data of 44,102 women. International Journal of Cancer, 110, pp. 94-101.Castle, P. E. (2008), Invited commentary is monitoring of human papillomavirus infection for viral persistence ready for use in cervical cancer screening. American Journal of Epidemiology, 168 (2), pp. 138-144.Dillner, J., Rebolj, M., Birembaut, P., Petry, K. U., Szarewski, A., Munk, C., Sanjose, S., Naucler, P., Lloveras, B., Kjaer, S., Cuzick, J., Ballegooijen, M., Clavel, C., Iftner, T. (2008), Long term predictive values of cytology and human papillomavirus testing in cervical cancer screening joint European cohort study. British Medical Journal, 337 (1754), p. a1754.Dolinsky, C., Hill-Kayser, C. (2009), Cervical Cancer The Basics. United States of America, Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania. Available from http//www.oncolink.org/types/article.cfm?c=6s=17ss=129id=8226p=1Accessed 30-11-2009.Grce, M., Davies, P. (2008), Human papillomavirus testing for primary cervical cancer screening. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 8 (5), pp. 599-605.Jamison, D. T., Breman, J. G., Measham, A. R., Alleyne, G., Claeson, M., Evans, D. B., Jha, P., Mills, A., Musgrove, P. (eds.) (2006), Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. Washington The World Bank and Oxford University Press.Kufe, D. W., Pollock, R. E., Weichselbaum, R. R., Bast, R. C., Gansler, T. S., Holland, J. F., Frei III, E. (eds.) (2003), Cancer Medicine. Canada BC Decker Inc.M ayrand, M. H., Duarte-Franco, E., Coutlee, F., Rodrigues, I., Walter, S. D., Ratnam, S., Franco, E. L. (2006), Randomized controlled trial of human papillomavirus testing versus Pap cytology in the primary screening for cervical cancer precursors Design, methods and preliminary accrual results of the Canadian cervical cancer screening trial (CCCaST). International Journal of Cancer, 119 (3), pp. 615-23.Mayrand, M. H., Duarte-Franco, E., Rodrigues, I., Walter, S. D., Hanley, J., Ferenczy, A., Ratnam, S., Coutle, F., Franco, E. L. (2007), Human papillomavirus DNA versus papanicolaou screening tests for cervical cancer. New England journal of Medicine, 357, pp. 1579-1588.Medscape Medical News. (2009), UK Government Announces Initial toleration of HPV Testing. United States of America. Available from http//www.medscape.com/viewarticle/411529Accessed 30-11-2009.Mission Islam. (2009), Male Circumcision in Islam. Available from http//www.missionislam.com/health/circumcisionislam.htmlAcces sed 30-11-2009.Murray, P. R., Rosenthal, K. S., Kobayahsi, G. S., Pfaller, M. A. (1998), Medical Microbiology. London Mosby. Nelson (I), R. (2009), HPV testing followed by cytology triage improves cervical cancer screening. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 101, pp. 88-99.Nelson (II), R. (2009), HPV testing most successful method for cervical cancer screening in developing countries. The New England Journal of Medicine, 360, pp. 1385-1394.NHS cancer screening programmes. (2009), Human Papilloma virus. United Kingdom.Available from http//www.cancerscreening.nhs.uk/cervical/hpv.htmlAccessed 30-11-2009.Nobel Prize organization. (2009), The Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine 2008. United States of America.Available from http//nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2008/press.html Accessed 10-12-2009.Pagliusi, S. (2009), Initiative for Vaccine Research. Switzerland, WHO. Available from http//www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/hpv/en/Accessed 1-12-2009.Rebar, R. W. ( 2008), HPV testing improves yield of cervical cancer screening. Journal Watch, 7 (11).Rohan, T. E., Burk, R. D., Franco, E. L. (2003), Toward a reduction of the global burden of cervical cancer. American Journal of midwifery and Gynecology, 189 (4), pp. S37-S39.Ronco, G., Giorgi-Rossi, P., Carozzi, F., Confortini, M., Palma, P. D., Mistro, A. D., Gillio-Tos, A., Minucci, D., Naldoni, C., Rizzolo, R., Schincaglia, P., Volante, R., Zappa, M., Zorzi, M., Cuzick, J., Segnan, N. (2008), Results at recruitment from a randomized controlled trial comparing human papillomavirus testing alone with conventional cytology as the primary cervical cancer screening test. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 100 (7), pp. 492-501.Sankaranarayanan, R., Nene, B. M., Shastri, S. S., Jayant, K., Muwonge, R., Budukh, A. M., Hingmire, S., Malvi, S. G., Thorat, R., Kothari, A., Chinoy, R., Kelkar, R., Kane, S., Desai, S., Keskar, V. R., Rajeshwarkar, R., Panse, N., Dinshaw, K. A. (2009), HPV screening for cervical cancer in rural India. The New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (14), pp. 1385-94.Shi, J. F., Belinson, J. L., Zhao, F. H., Pretorius, R. G., Li, J., Ma, J. F., Chen, F., Xiang, W., Pan, Q. J., Zhang, X., Zhang, W. H., Qiao, Y. L., Smith, J. S. (2009), Human Papillomavirus Testing for Cervical Cancer Screening Results From a 6-Year Prospective Study in Rural China. American Journal of Epidemiology, 170 (6), pp. 708-716.Stephens, J. (2010), Therapy Analysis Human papillomavirus. United Kingdom, Pharmaprojects.Available from http//www.pharmaprojects.com/therapy_analysis/hpv_1009.htmAccessed 10-1-2010.U.S. National Institute of Health. (2009), Randomized controlled trial of human papillomavirus testing in primary cervical cancer screening (SWEDESCREEN). United States of America.Available from http//clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00479375Accessed 1-12-2009.Walker, H.K., Hall, W.D., Hurst, J.W. (eds.) (1990), Clinical Methods The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinati ons. Stoneham Butterworth Publishers.Zmuida, C. (2009), Cervical cancer FAQs. United States of America. Available from http//www.ehow.com/about_5378940_cervical-cancer-faqs.htmlAccessed 10-12-2009.

Wal Marts Entry Strategy Into China Management Essay

Wal Marts Entry Strategy Into chinaware Management EssayWith reference to Porters pesterer theory, the paper aims to examine Wal-Mart accession system into china, and show whether or not pursuing a crossroads venture strategy was key to Wal-Marts external offshoot indoors the Far East.The paper is situated relative to previous donnish research articles and sets out to contri moreovere to the lit, aiming to expand on previous work part giving an insight into duty conclusivenesss and intent that fill to be con human facered when graveing new markets.The paper conclusion aim to answer two questions in sex act to Wal-Mart trading strategy as seen in the analytical theory section, offering an in depth arrest and critique in regards to Wal-Marts Far Eastern venturesDid the insurance insurance policy-making, Economic, favorable and technological incentives favour Wal-Marts strategy into China, andBased on the findings from the pestilence analysis, was Wal-Marts clos ing to adopt a phrase venture foundation strategy feasible?Chapter 11.1 IntroductionWal-Mart Inc. is ranked on a global scale as one of the largest retail companies worldwide, with a market capitalisation of 192.38billion (www.uk.finance.yahoo.com) and sales in otiose of $108 billion and earnings per share of 96 cents (Smith, 2009). This combined with its position deep down the Top 5 of the Fortune 500 Index and the impacts of the ongoing credit craunch make it a truly engaging topic to investigate.In this paper I aim to build on the concepts within the topic of international business strategy, addressing Wal-Marts own strategy in their decision to enroll the Chinese Market. Business strategy within many an(prenominal) global organisations plays an essential role in attaining a desired level of strategic leadership (intent) and Wal-Mart is no exception. Wal-Mart like many firms is very specific in its business agenda, which Pereira (2002) summarily acknow leadged, as establ ishing dominance in the home retail markets (US), global expansion/leadership and a constructive brand creation (Pereira et al, 2002).Based on Pereiras perception of Wal-Marts strategy, by undertaking Porters pesterer analysis looking at Political, Economical, loving and Technological, the findings will be aligned with regards to Wal-Marts policy on enunciate ventures. It will build on previous academic research articles and theories, listed in the literature review with the aim of pick uping the strategic decisions Wal-Mart has undertaken in regards to its global expansion. These decisions underpin the entry strategy Wal-Mart has adopted to enter into the Chinese market, Wal-Mart is exporting its retail savvy east to Asia with stores opening in China (Halverson, 1994, p1).The paper having outlined the general concept of PEST when understanding market entry, will hence conclude with an overview of the entry strategy taken by Wal-Mart in China foundation garment on this PEST a nalysis.1.2 PEST AnalysisPEST is a business tool that was developed by Michael Porter (1980s). It is enforced by firms to understand changes within the macro environment focusing on 4 main factors, Political, Economic, well-disposed and Technological. Gathering information based on these four components PEST is used by firms to address their strategic positioning, planning and marketing decisions. The importance of a PEST analysis according to articles written by Glaister and Falshaw, is that PEST considers the integral components of the external appraisal of the company, leading to considered view of the opportunities and threats face the firm (Glaister and Falshaw, 1999, p112). By contrast different types of analysis, for suit the TECOP model, bring into the commercial and organisational risk aspects into the analysis. (www. siteresources.worldbank.org, p25) However for the purpose of this report a PEST analysis is the most appropriate.The views on PEST, combined with Porte rs own theories on firm behaviour in relation to the environment, the pressure to change is more often environmental than interior(a) (Porter, 1998, p52) exemplifies wherefore aligning an entry strategy to a PEST analysis is, for many firms, crucial. Wal-Mart is a typical example of this, highlighting the importance of considering all told four aspects before making a decision. Wal-Marts development and decisions based on its entry strategy are strongly aligned to the fundamentals of PEST. The template below illustrates thisChapter 22.1 Literature ReviewThere are many previous studies and literature, which use Porters PEST analysis as a tool to understanding entry decisions. This review will aim to expand on these and use the concepts to offer a diverse understanding of Wal-Marts global expansion strategy within China.From a global perspective, the retail sector is one of the biggest and most matched markets, the amount and variety of forms of international retail operations ta ke hold increased in recent decades (Dawson, 1994, p39). Having established in 1962, Wal-Mart has been no exception to this pattern, Wal-Mart is two the worlds largest retailer and corporation measured by its r eveue (Dobson, 2004, P89). As Wal-Mart has strategically developed, the necessity to adapt and evolve a global strategy and align it to the external environment has been vital. Wal-Marts global expansion and positioning within new markets with the strategic intent of acquiring a competitive favour against other retail giants such(prenominal) as Tesco and Carrefour in terms of market share, epitomizes this, since 1994, Wal-Mart, the biggest retailer in the world, has been one of a range of American new format retailers causing havoc in foreign retail markets (Hallsworth and Evers, 2004, p1).The literature gives an insight into why firms exist where they do. PEST is a tool used to gain an understanding of market emersion and lineage (external to the firm) and as a result he lps to determine the ideal strategic positioning for an organisation. As Langlois and Robertson stated, a company when dealing with any business strategy essential establish the boundaries of control in relation to their organisations scale and scope (Langlois et al, 1995, p7). If this is not established upfront, any plan around firm positioning becomes problematic and as Lamont has stated in his work, and in particular with reference to Wal-Marts global-regional strategy, this has been the case in some areas. Wal-Mart, Lamont argues has made some mistakes in judging the importance of sparing, pagan, and business risks within local countries (Lamont, 2002), which as a result has prevented them from positioning themselves in some countries as a victorful retail firm. Many European cities like Germany for pattern extradite stuck with the smaller retailers like Spar and Lidl as their needs and choice are not as diverse as the Chinese demands.Further literature expands on the prob lems of a lack of understanding of the external environment. For instance, Lamont, Kottoli and Schaefer critique Wal-Marts European entry strategy in relation to the fundamentals of PEST. Lamont picks up on the economic analysis and argues that higher prices and increased opposition was a source of Wal-Marts failure in countries like Germany (Lamont, 2002). Kottoli similarly joins the debate and argues cultural insensitivities became the barrier to Wal-Marts success, which in give backs up Schaefers theories relating to why Wal-Mart had the problems it did. Wal-Marts inability to adapt its home ideologies to its global goals due to management problems, language barriers (social), market knowledge and policy-making regulation all added to its decision to re-structure and sell off its losses (Schaefer, 2006).This said carrying out a PEST analysis on Wal-Marts Chinese venture becomes an interesting exercise, because, while Kottoli, Schaefer and Lamonts arguments are all credible fo r Europe, others believe China offers a unique angle. A PEST analysis will give a more in depth understanding of why Wal-Mart chose a certain entry strategy for China. Goldstein in his writing showed how Wal Marts approach to China differed from previous entry strategies and that it has actually see an element of success (Goldstein, 2003). It is at least still present expanding and respected in China and Asia, which cannot be said for its development in some European countries like Germany. Kierney compounds this promote when stating with regards to China, Wal-Mart is firmly entrenched (Kearney, 2006, p6) within China. Other literature agrees with such a viewpoint and Naughton for instance states that for Wal-Mart, China represents the biggest frontier since it conquered America (Naughton 2006).Having utilised PEST to understand the external environment Wal-Mart had to develop a suitable entry strategy for China. Previously Wal-Mart in Canada, as stated by Govindarajan and Gupta, used an acquisition strategy. The reasons groundwork such a development were that Wal-Mart faced relatively little need for new discipline, and thus, launching through a strategic alliance was unnecessary (Govindarajan and Gupta, 1999). China on the other hand presents a very different emerging market, which at the time of the Wal-Mart venture had remained practically untapped. Taking this into account, an alliance or joint venture is the best entry strategy to utilise, as a joint venture allows firms to assess the competitive landscape with more accuracy (Hamel and Prahalad, 1989). Realising this, Wal-Mart entered China on the basis of a joint venture, which capitalised on their previous acquisition experience.Chapter 33.1 Analytical TheoryFrom a detailed PEST perspective this section will look at the individual P-E-S-T aspects. It questions whether the underlying concepts of a PEST analysis, the political, economic, social and technological concepts favour Wal-Mart in pursuing an entry strategy based on joint ventures. It will do this by considering two aspects of the entry strategy1) Did the Political, Economic, Social and Technological incentives favour Wal-Marts strategy into China, and2) Based on the findings from the PEST analysis, was Wal-Marts decision to adopt a joint venture entry strategy feasible?3.2 PoliticalWhen considering any business strategy it is important for an organisation to analyse the political environment in which decisions must be made. It should consider regulation, government positioning, trade agreements and policy. Politically, Hallsworth and Evers have examined the barriers that internationalisation of firms like Wal-Mart have frequently encountered, responses from indigenous rivals, the regulatory mechanisms of the governments of swarm or target nations have often hindered strategies for global development (Hallsworth and Evers, 2004, p1). In China, the political agenda exposed Wal-Mart to such potential barriers in the s hape of highly regulated systems favouring domestic firms and preventing a so-called foreign takeover. However, timely changes in government policies meant that Wal-Mart was able to gain a foothold, as China was opened up to investment, and the government eased restrictions on foreign businesses, and encouraged Chinese entrepreneurs to enter joint ventures with Westerners (Hornblower, 2004). Wal-marts entry strategy at the time clearly benefited from this. Wal-Mart undertook a joint venture with Citic Pacific Ltd (www.articles.latimes.com) with the sole purpose of gaining an established brand in the highly competitive Chinese domestic retail sector. As China go along to develop a more open commercial philosophy, economic growth opportunities started to emerge particularly as the economic climate (growth and investment) was right (the commercial side of the TECOP model not addressed by PEST). Wal-Mart was faced with great prospects in terms of positioning itself in the market and e nhancing its market share. Wal-Mart as a result adapted its strategy around such political incentives. Having established its brand, Wal-Marts strategy evolved to embrace acquisitions and pull out of its original joint venture. Political restructuring and incentives, which included great leniency of jurisdiction in relation to competition enhanced the Wal-Mart entry strategy. Wal-Mart expanded as a single entity, increasing its capacity to 89 stores in different cities, beginning to slowly erode the domestic retail sectors market share (www.wal-martchina.com).Chinas goal to achieve political stability and its opening up of policies also acted as an incentive for investment to take place (www.euromonitor.com). The political environment contributing to a new emerging Chinese market, allowed opportunistic businesses such as Wal-Mart to develop joint venture strategies, which gave them easier access and control over distribution channels and supply chains.3.3 EconomicIn relation to any retailer considering global expansion, the strategy it bases its actions upon has to be aligned to market conditions. Based on market conditions certain strategy decisions will be developed and in Wal-Marts case, its development of a joint venture strategy in economic terms is understandable. Wal-Marts entry strategies were very much in line with Chinas 5-year plan of economic growth. (www.bw.china-embassy.org). The International monetary fund (IMF) Statistics are proof of this. Wal-Mart by utilising the economic concept within PEST has strategically positioned itself in correlation to data seen in Table 1. China with a population greater than1,334,296 million and an increasing annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which highlights its economic performance, presented Wal-Mart with a massive opportunity for growth, guest base and profit maximisation (www.imf.org). By aligning its entry strategy to work with those already in the market, Wal-Mart was then able to build foundations to expand its network.Table 1CountrySubject DescriptorScale200920102011ChinaGDPBillions12,076,67212,983,63014,314,365ChinaPopulationMillions1,334,2961,354,3101,374,625(www.imf.org, Accessed 11th June2009)Economically the US-China Business Council also shows a pattern of growth, which explains why Wal-Mart wanted to expand into China, with political support back in the USA. In relation to retail sales (Table 2) these have increased dramatically over the death 10 years. For instance from 2003 to 2008 the percentage of growth in retail has been 12.5% (www.uschina.org). Such statistics would appeal to any foreign firm looking to strategically position itself within Asian Markets. At the same time the joining of China into the World Trade Organisation in 2001 (www.wto.org 2001 Press Releases) also presents companies like Wal-Mart with an opportunity to enter a market that is categorically a Free Trade Zone, increasing export led growth (USCBC, 2009). Such economic incentives, established through the Political and Economic (part of PEST) analysis are the reason why the Wal-Mart scale and scope now extends into the Far East.Table 2Main indicators200320042005200620072008Retail sales5,251.65,950.16,717.77,641.08,921.010,848.8% growth9.113.312.913.716.821.6(General Economic and Financial Indicators, 1999-2008, http//www.uschina.org/statistics/economy.html)By carrying out a joint venture entry strategy, Wal-Mart was able to utilise travail pools already present in the retail field without incurring start up costs. Similarly, the size of Chinas workforce meant that Wal-Mart was able to significantly reduce the cost of capital investment, Chinas abundant labour supply marrow that companies can choose to use manual processes instead of automated processes and still save money (Huffman 2009). Hornblower also expressed a fundamental aspect of the importance of understanding the economic environment. He stated that Wal-Mart entry strategy was timed to allow others to enter th e market first. This allowed Wal-Mart to have a second mover advantage or fastest follower and in so doing minimise its fixed costs. This clearly worked as Wal-Mart was able to cash in on low-wage Chinese labour already present due to previous investors (Hornblower, 2004).3.4 SocialWhen using PEST to develop a strategy, the social dimension of a country is also very important. Cultural attitudes, country specific product development and language barriers are a few of the issues that have to be considered external to the firm. Wal-Mart, when enter China, has had to develop a strategy around understanding such issues and how to address them.It is therefore not surprising that joint-ventures seemed to be a logical entry strategy for Wal-Mart into China. Through adapting such a strategy Wal-Mart has prevented some of the problems it faced in Europe, namely that of language barriers (Schaefer argument). Through gaining an alliance with domestic firms, Wal-Mart has gained an understandin g of the cultural demands of the Chinese people. Using the cultural experience gained from its initial entry, Wal-Mart has started to diversify its strategy to reach out into areas not supplied by the typical hypermarkets, Wal-Mart is now operating 3 convenient stores (Wei and Kwok, 2009). This along with Wal-Marts adaption of their strategy based around going green and addressing environmental problems (Hennock, 2008), has enabled Wal-Mart to develop a strategy based around longevity and socio-cultural awareness. Such a strategy is considered for a USA firm exceeding rare, but in this particular case was built upon US-China trade agreements.At the same time, Wal-Mart has tried to learn from the problems it experienced when entering Europe. Wal-Marts entry strategy into China takes into consideration the needs of the community. Kottolis argument of cultural insensitivities found in previous ventures, as mentioned within the literature review, have been addressed and Wal-Mart activel y participates in community service and charity events and has donated funds and in kind support worth more than RMB 58millon (US$8million) (www.walmartstores.com/factsheets).Wal-Mart has capitalised on the positive set up of being seen within the community as a sympathetic and generous enterprise. In addition, Wal-Mart has developed a strategy, which focuses on upstream measures with the aim of meeting customer demands. Using a strategy of working in partnership with suppliers, Wal-Mart has managed to reduce prices of goods by an average of 20 percent, generating increased customer traffic and turnover (www.walmartstores.com/factsheets).3.5 TechnologicalTechnological innovation is also a factor, which needs to be taken into consideration when developing an entry strategy into an unknown external environment. Wal-Mart on entering the Chinese market sought to gain a competitive advantage over other retailers by introducing innovative measures around marketing and implementing cost decrement methods. For instance taking control of the supply chain and outsourcing. Such a strategy is key to explaining Wal-Mart global expansion, as Technological innovations account for approximately 60% of Wal-Marts growth (Basker and Pham, 2008).At the same time Wal-Mart has also introduced advanced retail technology and experience to China and advanced Chinas retail industry standards and development (www.tradeinservices.com), which has helped it to expose cheaper products, offering innovation, controlling supply chains and meeting the requirements of consumers. An example of this is the Wal-Mart introduction of electronic stock taking and till to back office re-ordering which consequently led to other firms imitating such technological advances supplying the needs of the Chinese customer both efficiently and at the lowest cost possible. Through adapting both internal and external strategies Wal-Mart has been able to gain control over and add value to certain areas that focus on customer communications/awareness as its centre competence within China.Chapter 44.1 Policy implicationsHaving established the reasons why Wal-Mart chose to enter China through Porters PEST analysis it is important to look at the policy implications Wal-Mart has needed to address and understand. A joint venture strategy, for instance requires Wal-Mart to take into account the risk of exploitation, and bootlegging from other competing firms. At the same time Wal-Mart has to consider its internal policy implication for entering China and whether Chinas policy for foreign direct investment (FDI) supports Wal-Marts entry strategy choice. Policies based around exports and imports (Tax), foreign policy and anti dumping commandment encouraging fair competition must be considered. The Chinese government itself must impose anti dumping legislation making sure price competition is even-handed. Such policy implications are important as without understanding these, retail firms strategies incorporate unnecessary risk and the decisions to enter into certain markets becomes problematic.The theoretical findings within the paper highlight the importance of making sure the correct entry strategy is chosen. The paper shows that Wal-Mart has had to evolve its core competencies to incorporate Chinas demands. The labour force, varying tastes and changing demands exemplify why Wal-Mart entry included a joint venture strategy aligning itself to market requirement. Using a PEST analysis has illustrated how Wal-Mart has evolved its US strategy to meet the needs of Far Eastern Markets. If Wal-Mart had undertaken other entry strategy decisions such as franchising, or even an acquisition strategy, they may have been unable to adapt their home market policy to foreign market policy. As seen in some of Wal-Marts European ventures (i.e. Germany) this would have resulted in a lack understanding and consequently market failure.If one wanted to pursue this paper further, incorporating o ther tools to assess the theoretical reasoning of Wal-Mart entry into the Far East and in particular China, a SWOT analysis as a business tool could be used. This tool allows firms to understand the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, both internally and externally, allowing decisions to be based on whether or not certain entry strategies are supported by the policies that exist and whether there is a need for the development of new policies. Combining the use of a PEST analysis with other businesses tools like the SWOT into entry strategies will give a much more informed decision and remains fundamental to business development. Similarly other more in depth models could be used to analyse Wal-Mart entry strategy. For instance as mentioned the TECOP model would add another dimension from both a commercial and organisation aspect, perhaps addressing the marketing perception in greater detail.4.2 ConclusionIt is clear that from analysing and using the data from the World Trade Organisation and US Chinese councils that Porters PEST analysis is a useful tool in understanding Wal-Mart strategic motives for developments within China. Europe, on the other hand, in regards to PEST has pressures that were not suited to Wal-Mart entry strategies. Its ideology around discount low prices for instance did not appeal, and politically and economically the competition meant Wal-Mart was unable to gain any market control. Through making mistakes in Europe, Wal-Mart has gathered experience in entering markets significantly different from the American market and as a firm it has been able to establish clear boundaries of control within China. This, combined with a learning strategy based around joint ventures has also been beneficial to Wal-Mart entry strategy within China, particularly when dealing with an emerging market and the domestic competition that existed.At the same time with Wal-Mart acting as a second mover within the Chinese retail market, following a strategy of joint ventures has allowed it to establish itself within the market. Taking into account the policy implications for entry into China as part of its entry decision has allowed Wal-Mart to establish a brand that incorporates the Economic, Political, Social and Cultural factors that is was unable to do in Europe.Having said this however it is imprudent to focus on the external environment as the only factor facing Wal-Mart in decisions to enter new markets. Managerial decisions and core competencies along with other internal aspects also need to be aligned to suit Wal-Marts strategic intent. keeping success going requires constant attention to the competitive environment. Continuous work on the supply chain, responsiveness to political decisions and influence over these decisions and, last but not least, continued customer and employee focus are all aspects Wal-Mart needs to continue to address.

Art and Nature in Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale Essay -- Shakespeare

Art and record in Shakespeares The Winters historyIn Shakespeares The Winters baloney, we go for a jealous king convinced he is search of the truth. He will expose his wife and her alleged philandering, but his determination to prove this truly changes this search from one for truth to one for mythscreations, false truths. In essence. Leontes runs into the impinge of defining art versus temper, where art is the view of the world he constructs to prove his paranoia true. temper itself can exist without art, but the art here is the mangled perception through which Leontes will experiencek to define Nature. In summation, The Winters Tale investigates the betrothal between art and temperamentcreation versus enhancementand seeks to find out if art can exist without any consideration to nature.The idea of fixture perception is a fundamental one in The Winters Tale, and art is seen as the way to make this alteration occur. While it is fall out to the reader from the very beginn ing that Hermione is in fact innocent, Shakespeare introduces the reader to Leontess persistence to absolvedly show the beginnings of the conflict brewing. Despite Hermiones go past innocence, Leontes has been scripted as a character so belligerent to ever see what is universally accepted as true in nature. The result is a conflict can to the readera conflict of nature on its own merit, a question of truth, versus art, where perception is inherently flawed. Shakespeare creates a truly paranoid, conflicted character in Leontes, which works to make his objectivity, his desire to make truths out of falsities, even more apparent. Leontes speaks to the audience passionately upon his discovery, but his passion sounds so melodramatic, especially when we as readers a... ...years later, it becomes clear that for all the emphasis put on art, on creation, and on mass productionnature is central to our human experience. We can symbolize this natural lodge with artbut the art itself always harkens back to something that elicits an emotional response from the viewer. For Leontes, a statue of his presumably deceased wife, Hermione triggers a sorrowful reaction. Art indeed embellishes invigoration as it does with flowers, but we are always working from some perspective, some emotion, before we are merely creating art. The Winters Tale takes on the contend of investigating whether or not art can in fact breathe outside the womb of nature, and as we witness art break down, and nature hold the characters together, it becomes resoundingly clear that art seeks to react to nature, but that it cannot work without maintaining nature at its core. Art and Nature in Shakespeares The Winters Tale Essay -- ShakespeareArt and Nature in Shakespeares The Winters TaleIn Shakespeares The Winters Tale, we see a jealous king convinced he is search of the truth. He will expose his wife and her alleged philandering, but his determination to prove this real changes this sea rch from one for truth to one for mythscreations, false truths. In essence. Leontes runs into the conflict of defining art versus nature, where art is the view of the world he constructs to prove his paranoia true. Nature itself can exist without art, but the art here is the mangled perception through which Leontes will seek to define Nature. In summation, The Winters Tale investigates the conflict between art and naturecreation versus enhancementand seeks to find out if art can exist without any consideration to nature.The idea of fixture perception is a fundamental one in The Winters Tale, and art is seen as the way to make this alteration occur. While it is clear to the reader from the very beginning that Hermione is in fact innocent, Shakespeare introduces the reader to Leontess persistence to clearly show the beginnings of the conflict brewing. Despite Hermiones clear innocence, Leontes has been create verbally as a character so belligerent to ever see what is universally acc epted as true in nature. The result is a conflict clear to the readera conflict of nature on its own merit, a question of truth, versus art, where perception is inherently flawed. Shakespeare creates a truly paranoid, conflicted character in Leontes, which works to make his objectivity, his desire to make truths out of falsities, even more apparent. Leontes speaks to the audience passionately upon his discovery, but his passion sounds so melodramatic, especially when we as readers a... ...years later, it becomes clear that for all the emphasis put on art, on creation, and on mass productionnature is central to our human experience. We can symbolize this natural continuative with artbut the art itself always harkens back to something that elicits an emotional response from the viewer. For Leontes, a statue of his presumably deceased wife, Hermione triggers a sorrowful reaction. Art indeed embellishes intent as it does with flowers, but we are always working from some perspective, some emotion, before we are merely creating art. The Winters Tale takes on the repugn of investigating whether or not art can in fact breathe outside the womb of nature, and as we witness art break down, and nature hold the characters together, it becomes resoundingly clear that art seeks to react to nature, but that it cannot work without maintaining nature at its core.

roseanne And The Kiss :: essays research papers

Roseanne and The KissThis past winter break, myself and one of my best friends were drivingdown one of the main roadstead in our home town of Elmira, New York. I happened tolook up at a billboard that was on the side of the road, and saw a cross thatread something like Be safe, be smart, be protected. I thought to myself(immediately) well, thats a big improvement from a few years ago when goloshads werent even allowed on television. Then I noticed, it had the dauntless symbolsof the upside down pink triangle, and the symbols of two men and two womentogether. My first thought was why is this demand then I mentioned thatto my friend. He didnt notice, but we both kind of laughed and agreed that whydoes it have to be gay people that need to protect themselves? We (straightpeople) are just as much at risk--what was the point? The point is, that it hasbecome mainstream and accepted to be gay in this society now, so they can dothat. Only three years ago, however, it was a bit different .Roseanne helped to set a trend in society that has made it moreacceptable to be gay in the media. From the billboard I saw, to Roseannes now(in)famous kiss with another woman. Roseanne has contributed to this trendimmensely with her television amazecom.To begin with, the series Roseanne has had gay characters on it for a immense time. Roseannes boss Leon was gay, and after(prenominal) the kiss his role on theshow became more outspoken as he got married to his lover in the season afterRoseanne kissed another woman.In the 1994, Roseanne had a homosexual encounter with another womanplayed by Mariel Hemingway in a gay bar. The episode was entitled Dont ask,Dont discern seemingly making light of Bill Clintons policy of gays in themilitary. The plot of this episode is, that Roseanne goes into a gay bar withher bisexual friend Nancy, played by outspoken bisexual actress Sandra Bernhard.Roseanne dances with Nancys new girlfriend Sharon (Hemmingway). Thesituation is uncomfortable to Rose annes sister Jackie who also went with them,but Roseanne has a great time. After dancing with Sharon, the two sit down tochat, one thing leads to another and Roseanne makes a joke which ismisinterpreted by Sharon, and she kisses Roseanne. The rest of the episodedeals with Roseannes discomfort with the kiss.The episode was finally aired, but it went through a lot of trouble todo so.